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  • Hosted by:Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Sponsored by:Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Botanical Society of China
    Co-hosted by:Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan AgriculturalAcademy
    Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
    Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University
    State Key Laboratory of Crops Biology, Shandong Agricultural University

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The Gold Will Glitter Wherever it is: Convergent Selection in Maize and Rice
Hong Yu, Jiayang Li
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (2): 153-156.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22054
Accepted: 24 March 2022

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Domestication of wild plants was crucial for human settlement and the development of civilization, which arose independently in many different geographic areas on different wild species. However, these crops underwent variant domestication process displaying the ‘domestication syndrome’ with a common suite of traits. The systematical analysis of convergent selection at genome level may provide important information and genetic resources for crop breeding. Recently, a team led by Xiaohong Yang and Jiansheng Li from Chinese Agricultural University and Jianbing Yan from Huazhong Agricultural University reported the genetic basis of convergent selection between maize and rice at both single gene and whole genome levels. Particularly, they found the maize KRN2 and rice OsKRN2 genes experienced convergent selection and regulated grain number and yield in a similar pathway. Moreover, they identified a large number of orthologous gene pairs that underwent convergent selection during maize and rice evolution, which were enriched in certain pathways including starch metabolism, sugar and coenzyme synthesis. This significant work not only cloned KRN2/OsKRN2 orthologous gene pairs with great value in maize and rice breeding, but also revealed the convergent selection between maize and rice at the genome level, providing critical foundations for studying the molecular basis of domestication syndrome and their applications in breeding practices.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Methods for TurboID-based Proximal Labeling in Plants
Jiayi Kuang, Hongqing Li, Wenjin Shen, Caiji Gao
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (5): 584-593.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21104
Accepted: 11 August 2021

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Proximity labeling (PL), a recently developed technique to detect protein-protein interactions and subcellular structural proteomes in living cells, has been successfully applied in various animal and plant systems. Proximity labeling is conducted by fusing an engineered enzyme with catalytic activity to a protein of interest (bait protein). With the catalysis of the enzyme, small molecular substrates such as biotin are covalently linked to endogenous proximal proteins, which can be further enriched and analyzed to identify the interactome of the bait protein. TurboID, a biotin ligase produced by directed evolution, has the advantages of non-toxicity and high catalytic efficiency. Using TurboID-based proximity labeling to analyze proximal proteins of bait proteins, we can study transient or weak protein interactions, which helps to understand the complex biological processes occurring inside cells. Here, we describe methods and related tips for TurboID-based proximal labeling in Arabidopsis thaliana, and hope to provide a reference for studying plant protein-protein interactions.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Advances in Biological Functions of Aux/IAA Gene Family in Plants
Yanyan Li, Yanhua Qi
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (1): 30-41.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21168
Accepted: 28 December 2021

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Auxin is one of the most important plant hormones and plays a key role in regulating plant growth and development. In plants, early auxin responsive gene families, such as Aux/IAA (Auxin/Indole acetic acid repressors), GH3 (Gretchen Hagen3) and SAUR (Small Auxin up RNA), are rapidly induced and up-regulated by auxin treatment. Aux/IAA gene family is generally composed of four conserved domains. Domain I inhibits the expression of downstream genes in the auxin signaling pathway, and domain II is mainly regulated by Transport Inhibitor Response 1 (TIR1) in auxin signal transduction, thus affecting the stability of Aux/IAA. Domain III/IV regulates auxin signaling by interacting with Auxin Response Factor (ARF). Aux/IAA gene family has been reported to play an important role in organ development, root formation, stem elongation and leaf expansion in dicotyledonous Arabidopsis thaliana while in monocotyledonous rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), Aux/IAA mainly affects root development and plant architecture. However, the functions of most Aux/IAA genes remain unclear and need to further study. In this article, we reviewed the structure and function of Aux/IAA protein, and the auxin signal transduction pathway in Arabidopsis, cereal crops and other plants to provide clues for fully revealing the biofunction of the Aux/IAA gene family.

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Cited: CSCD(3)
  
Advance in Gene-editing Technology Based on CRISPR/Cas9 and Its Application in Plants
He Xiaoling, Liu Pengcheng, Ma Bojun, Chen Xifeng
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (4): 508-531.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22020
Accepted: 24 April 2022

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CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a gene editing strategy using Cas9 nuclease guided by RNA to target an interest gene in genome. Recently, a large number of new-type gene editors based on the CRISPR/Cas9 have been updated rapidly and become more precisely and efficiently in gene editing, which has a great application prospect in crop molecular-designing breeding. This paper summarized the technical principles, editing effects and applications of the CRISPR/cas9 and its related gene editors, and also discussed the aspects of dilemmas, countermeasures and prospects, intending to provide reference for scientific researchers in the related fields.

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Cited: CSCD(2)
  
Research Progress of Spatiotemporal Transcriptomes
Yubin Xiao, Zixu Zhang, Yuzhu Wang, Huan Liu, Letian Chen
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2023, 58 (2): 214-232.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22220
Accepted: 10 January 2023

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Spatiotemporal heterogeneity is a key factor for functional differentiation in different tissues and plays an important role in regulating cell fate. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic sequencing (stRNA-seq) is an emerging omics technology that combines quantitative transcriptome with high-resolution tissue imaging. It anchors expression data to the physical map of a target organ or tissue and molecularly characterizes tissue sections and cell layers via unbiased bioinformatic analysis, which reflects the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of gene expression abundances within specific cells. Benefiting from the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of gene expression in various cells can be explored by new experimental approaches. In this review, we first briefly introduce the principle and development process of stRNA-seq, providing readers an overview on the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of different stRNA-seq techniques. Then, we summarize the applications of stRNA-seq in animals, plants and microorganisms, which provide theoretical references for the systematic research of stRNA-seq in future.

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Peat Mosses (Sphagnum): Ecologically, Economically, and Scientifically Important Group of Carbon Sequestration Plants
Zhu Ruiliang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (5): 559-578.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22031
Accepted: 10 May 2022
Online available: 25 November 2022

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Global warming is the most severe environmental challenge that mankind is facing now. In addition to effectively controlling carbon emissions, making the ecosystem work at full capacity of carbon sequestration is an important means to achieve the goal of carbon neutralization. As one of the wetland types with the highest carbon sequestration capacity, peatland is the key terrestrial ecosystem to accelerate the achievement of carbon neutrality goals. As the ‘effective ecosystem engineer’ on peatlands, peat moss (Sphagnum) plays an extremely important role in peatlands, such as carbon sink, freshwater filtering, and land protection from flooding. For more than 100 years, peat mosses, as the most economically valuable group of bryophytes, have been widely used in the fields of medicine and health care, pollution monitoring and wastewater treatment, especially in the horticultural industry as one of the most reliable soil media and moisturizing materials. In the context of global warming and the ‘two-carbon’ goal, peat moss is a research hotspot in life sciences and ecology. This paper mainly reviews the morphology, species diversity and origin, habitat and distribution, reproduction and protection, cultivation and planting, environmental indication and monitoring, usage and applications, capabilities of carbon sequestration, water storage and acidification. It provides a reference for peat moss research, peatland protection and restoration, as well as development, utilization, and industrial development of peat moss.

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Cited: CSCD(3)
  
Triploid in Poaceae: Formation, Detection, and Utilization
Xu Yan, Yanchun Zuo, Honglin Wang, Yang Li, Yingzheng Li, Jing Kou, Qilin Tang, Xiaokang Zhou, Zhouhe Du
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (3): 372-387.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20166
Accepted: 22 January 2021

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The formation pathway of triploid in Poaceae includes 2n gamete fusion, interploidy cross, polyspermy, and endosperm culture. The fusion of reduced male (n) and unreduced female gamete (2n) is the main method for forming natural triploids. Interploidy cross is the main method for synthesizing artificial triploids. The application of ploidy identification methods such as morphological observation, chromosome analysis, flow cytometry and molecular markers in gramineous triploids is introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of different methods are also discussed. At present, triploid has no direct application value in cereal crops, but it can be used as a genetic bridge to synthetize polyploid and aneuploid, as well as to transfer alien genes from wild species to cultivated species. Gramineous triploids (especially allotriploid) are widely cultivated for forage or biofuel production, suggesting that triploidy breeding may be directly performed in this type of grasses. We discuss the future prospect of research on gramineous triploid, e.g., polyploid- and apomixis-triploid breeding. Particularly, endosperm culture can synthesize triploids in one step, and polyspermy can achieve one-step fusion of three genetically different plant genomes, which should be paid attention to in the triploidy research. Due to rare occurrence of 2n gamete fusion and polyspermy, and frequent chromosomal variation in ploidy hybridization and endosperm culture, the development of high-throughput triploid identification technology will become the key for breakthrough in triploidy generation/breeding.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Red and Far-red Light Regulation of Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress Responses
Yanan Xu, Jiarong Yan, Xin Sun, Xiaomei Wang, Yufeng Liu, Zhouping Sun, Mingfang Qi, Tianlai Li, Feng Wang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2023, 58 (4): 622-637.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22087
Accepted: 30 August 2022

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As an important environmental factor, light not only provides energy for plant photosynthesis, but also acts as a signal to regulate plant growth and development. Here, we summarize the regulatory effects of red light and far-red light on plant growth and development and abiotic stress responses. This review focuses on the mechanism of phytochrome and light signaling factor regulation of seed germination, hypocotyl growth, bud development, and flowering in plants through integration with endogenous signal transduction, such as hormones. In addition, the regulatory mechanisms of red light and far-red light on plant responses to salt, drought and temperature stress were elucidated. It is expected that on the basis of exploring the mechanism of plant’ perception and response to the light environment, we can accurately supplement light for crops to improve crop yield, quality and stress resistance by using LED spectrum technology while promoting the goal of “dual carbon” to reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution.

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Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species Using H2DCFDA Probe in Plant
Haitao Hu, Tingting Qian, Ling Yang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (3): 320-326.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22043
Accepted: 11 May 2022

Abstract1736)   HTML86)    PDF (5113KB)(813)       Save
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a ‘double-edged sword’ in plants. On the one hand, ROS, as a signal molecule, plays pivotal roles in many aspects of life activities; on the other hand, excessive accumulation of ROS can cause oxidative damage to biological macromolecules. Accurate detection of ROS is essential to assess its intracellular redox status. Due to the characteristics of short half-life and strong reactivity of ROS components, their qualitative and quantitative analysis are difficult. It is critical to select the appropriate detection method and improve the spatiotemporal accuracy of detection for research in plant sciences and in other fields. At present, fluorescent probe analysis has attracted the attention of researchers because of its advantages of high sensitivity, good selectivity, low detection limit and strong intuition. This article introduces the detailed operation protocol and attentions for ROS detection using 2′,7′-dichlorodi-hydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) fluorescent probe based on flow cytometry and confocal microscope. These methods can be used to detect ROS levels and distribution in model plant tissues, including Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays and Glycine max.

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Research Advances in Plant Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms in Response to Cadmium Stress
Tingting An, Di Huang, Hao Wang, Yi Zhang, Yinglong Chen
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (3): 347-362.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20160
Accepted: 18 February 2021

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Cadmium (Cd) is one of the widely distributed and polluted heavy metals. With serious toxicity, Cd not only affects the growth and development of plants, but also endangers human health. This review summarizes recent research advances and underlying mechanisms of physiological and biochemical responses to Cd stress in plants. We also review and discuss plant responses in photosynthetic systems, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, antioxidant defense systems, hormones, calcium signals, and their underpinning proteomics and genomics mechanisms. We aim to form a theoretical basis for future research on understanding the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of plant responses to Cd stress.

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Cited: CSCD(15)
  
Achievements and Advances in the Plant Sciences in China in 2021
Fan Chen, Hongya Gu, Xiaoquan Qi, Qian Qian, Jianru Zuo, Shuhua Yang, Zhiduan Chen, Lei Wang, Rongcheng Lin, Liwen Jiang, Xiaojing Wang, Langtao Xiao, Yongfei Bai, Kang Chong, Tai Wang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (2): 139-152.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22090
Accepted: 26 April 2022

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In 2021, the numbers of original research articles published by Chinese plant scientists in international multidisciplinary journals and mainstream plant science journals increased significantly compared with that in 2020, and important advances have been made in the fields of male and female cell recognition and fertilization, stem cell fate determination, mycorrhizal symbiosis, photosynthetic membrane protein complex, nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient utilization, innate immunity, crop de novo domestication and genome design. Among them, ‘rapid de novo domestication of allotetraploid wild rice’ was selected as one of the ‘Top Ten Advances in Life Sciences in China’ in 2021. Here we summarize the achievements of plant science research in China in 2021, and briefly introduce 30 representative important research advances, so as to help readers understand the developmental trend of plant sciences in China, and evaluate how to better connect plant scientific research with major national needs.

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Genome-wide Identification and Comparative Evolutionary Analysis of the R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Gene Family in Pepper
Kaicheng Kang, Xiqiang Niu, Xianzhong Huang, Nengbing Hu, Yihu Sui, Kaijing Zhang, Hao Ai
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (3): 315-329.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20143
Accepted: 25 February 2021

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As one of the largest transcription factor (TF) families in plants, MYB TFs are involved in various physiological and biochemical processes, such as plant growth, metabolism, and response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. R2R3-MYB is the main form of MYB TFs in higher plants. Pepper is a vegetable crop with important economic value, but the R2R3-MYB TF family has not been systematically studied in pepper. In this study, 94 CaMYB, 92 CbMYB, and 94 CcMYB TFs genes were identified with comparative genomic analysis in Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, and C. chinense, respectively. These genes were categorized into 28 subfamilies. Collinearity analysis indicated that there were 73 groups of orthologous R2R3-MYB genes among three pepper species. There were five, four, and two unique R2R3-MYB genes in C. annuum, C. baccatum, and C. chinense, respectively. In addition, we identified 12 pairs of duplicated genes, and eight of which are tandemly repeated genes, which already existed before the divergence of three pepper species. Comparative genomics analysis suggested that the homologous R2R3-MYB TFs underwent functionally divergence during the evolution of pepper. Analysis on the expression profile showed that R2R3-MYB genes were expressed in three major patterns: high expression in roots, leaves, stems, and flowers, such as CaMYB13/CbMYB12/- CcMYB13; high expression in flowers, such as CaMYB93/CbMYB86/CcMYB12; high expression in roots, such as CaMYB48/CbMYB47/CcMYB51. These results lay a foundation for further study on the biological functions of R2R3-MYB TFs in the growth and development of pepper.

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Cited: CSCD(2)
  
Recognition, Immune Activation and Signal Regulation of Plant NLR Immune Receptor
Lei Qin, Zhihong Peng, Shitou Xia
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (1): 12-23.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21159
Accepted: 07 February 2022

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A large area of membrane surface and intracellular immune receptors have been evolved in higher plants to sense various pathogen signals and prevent pathogen invasion. Among them, pattern recognition receptors on the cell surface activate basic immune response after sensing pattern molecules, while nucleotide-bounding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) activate specific immune response by sensing effector proteins secreted by pathogenic microorganisms, resulting in hypersensitivity and cell death. In this review, the latest research progress of plant immunity is mainly reviewed from the aspects of NLRs on the recognition of effector proteins, plant immune activation and downstream signal regulation.

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Research Progress of Melatonin in Plant Stress Resistance
Deshuai Liu, Lei Yao, Weirong Xu, Mei Feng, Wenkong Yao
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (1): 111-126.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21146
Accepted: 17 December 2021

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Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a small molecule indoleamine that is essential for life. Melatonin is widely present in animals and plants, and plays a vital role in the growth and development. With the study of plant melatonin, its synthesis pathway and roles in plants have become clear. Studies have shown that melatonin has the regulatory effects in improving plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. This review summarizes the research progress of melatonin in plant abiotic and biotic stresses in recent years; it provides reference for in-depth analysis of influence of melatonin on the regulation mechanism of plant resistance to stresses.

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Cited: CSCD(13)
  
Progress in Flowering Regulation Mechanisms of FLC
Changsheng Zhang, Tao Wei, Yuping Zhou, Tian Fan, Tianxiao Lü, Chang'en Tian
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (6): 651-663.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21103
Accepted: 10 September 2021

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FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is an important repressor of plant flowering. It mainly represses flowering by binding to the promoters of two downstream key floral promoting genes, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1). It also regulates flowering time by binding to other regulatory genes. While the detailed molecular mechanisms of FLC in the regulation of flowering still need to be deeply investigated. This review summarizes the new research progresses of FLC in recent years in the 8 genetic pathways of flowering regulation, and give an outlook for the future study in this field.

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Cited: CSCD(2)
  
Research Progress on MATE Transporters in Plants
Jia Zhang, Qidong Li, Cui Li, Qinghai Wang, Xincun Hou, Chunqiao Zhao, Shuhe Li, Qiang Guo
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2023, 58 (3): 461-474.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22092
Accepted: 30 August 2022

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Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters are also known as detoxification efflux carriers (DTXs) that are ubiquitously present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. MATE transporters are membrane proteins usually with twelve transmembrane regions arranged in a "V" shape. MATE/DTX transporters are mainly involved in the modulation of iron homeostasis, transport of inorganic anions and secondary metabolites, the detoxification of heavy metals and xenobiotics, regulation of growth and development, and response to diseases and abiotic stress in plants. This review summarizes the research progress for the discovery, phylogeny, structure, and function of MATE/DTX family proteins and may provide a reference for the stress tolerance improvement of crops and forages with MATE/DTXs.

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Protocols for Small RNA FISH in Plants
Binbin Hu, Zhihui Xue, Cui Zhang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (3): 330-338.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21057
Accepted: 07 May 2021

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Small RNAs are a type of small nucleotide molecules that are essential for plant growth and development, playing a key role in variety of life processes and in response to stresses. Research on the location of small RNAs could discover their functions in plants. Small RNA FISH is a qualitative or semi-quantitative analysis of small RNA in organisms by fluorescence detection technology. At present, this technology has been widely used in animals, but it is still less applied in plants. This article introduces the specific operation procedures and attentions based on ultra-high resolution microscopy that combines locked nucleic acid (LNA) probe in situ hybridization with immunofluorescence. This protocol can be used to detect the expression and localization of small RNA in plant tissues.

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Regulatory Mechanisms of the Plant CBL-CIPK Signaling System in Response to Abiotic Stress
Lingling Xie, Jinlong Wang, Guoqiang Wu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (5): 614-626.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21024
Accepted: 21 April 2021

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Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and their CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) are important regulatory network in response to abiotic stresses. The CBL-CIPK system senses and decodes Ca2+-signals through phosphorylation to regulate plant response to abiotic stresses. In this review, the basic structures of CBLs and CIPKs, and their phosphorylation on different substrates, as well as regulatory mechanisms of plants in response to abiotic stresses were summarized. We also put forward a perspective on the future research directions of CBLs and CIPKs, as well as their potential applications in genetic improvement of crops for stress tolerance.

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Cited: CSCD(4)
  
Novel Links in the Plant Target of Rapamycin Signaling Networks
Yanyan Meng, Nan Zhang, Yan Xiong
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (1): 1-11.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21183
Accepted: 10 January 2022

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Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a highly conserved serine/threonine-protein kinase among all eukaryotes. As a central regulator, TOR integrates nutrient, energy, growth factor and environmental signals to control cell proliferation, growth, and metabolism. With the establishment of TOR research systems in plants, tremendous progress has been made in, both conserved and unique functions of plant TOR have been uncovered in recent years. Here, we reviewed TOR complexes and the mechanisms of plant TOR integrating sugar, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur, phytohormone and stress signals to orchestrate transcription, translation, metabolism, autophagy, and stress responses. We also highlight a few fundamental questions that will be of great interest to be resolved for fully revealing biofunctions of plant TOR.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Establishment and Application of a Rapid Genetic Transformation Method for Peanut
Qiong Zhai, Rongqin Chen, Xiaohua Liang, Chuchun Zeng, Bo Hu, Ling Li, Xiaoyun Li
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (3): 327-339.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21192
Accepted: 18 March 2022

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Plant transformation is an important tool for genetic engineering. The key technology of genetic transformation is to introduce foreign genes into plants genomes quickly and efficiently and reduce the time to obtain transgenic offspring. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oil and cash crop in China. The genetic transformation system is still not well established in peanuts. It seriously restricts the function research of peanut genes and the molecular breeding progress. Here, we established a rapid and stable genetic transformation system in peanuts. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens was injected into the second stem of peanut to produce transgenic plants. Then positive transgenic peanut was transplanted and tamped backfill to cover the injection point. Those seeds above the injection point were picked for further screening and analyzing. The results showed that over 40% of transgenic plants were obtained and displayed chimeric in T0 generation. The T0 seeds were harvested about 5 months after rapid-transformation. About 9% of T1 peanuts were hybrids rather than chimeras. To solve the problem of few seed in some transgenic plants, the rapid-transformation system was combined with traditional tissue culture. This rapid-transformation system has potential value in garlic (Allium sativum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), and freesia (Freesia refracta). Altogether, this study establishes a rapid and stable genetic transformation system for peanuts, which sheds light on other plants’ genetic transformation.

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Research Advances on the Effect of High Temperature Stress on Plant Photosynthesis
Yongjiang Sun, Qi Wang, Qiwen Shao, Zhiming Xin, Huijie Xiao, Jin Cheng
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2023, 58 (3): 486-498.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22079
Accepted: 27 July 2022

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With the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration caused by human activities, the global climate continues to warm. The past five years have been the hottest since the record of temperature. High temperature stress has become one of the main adverse factors affecting plant growth and development. Photosynthesis is the basis of life activities on earth, and it is highly sensitive to fluctuation in environmental factors. Understanding the response of plant photosynthesis under high temperature stress can provide a scientific basis for exploring the physiological and ecological mechanisms of plant tolerance to high temperature stress, cultivating new heat-tolerant varieties and taking reasonable measures to adapt to extreme climate in the future. In this paper, the effects of high temperature stress on the process of photosynthetic electron transfer and carbon fixation in plants were reviewed, and the effects of light on photosynthesis under high temperature stress were comprehensively analyzed from the perspective of light quality and light intensity. This paper also expounded the ways and mechanisms to improve the tolerance of plants to high temperature stress from the aspects of plants themselves and exogenous mitigating substances. Meanwhile, the research direction of plant photosynthesis response to high temperature stress and the application of multi-histology combined analysis in the comprehensive study of the mechanism of plant tolerance to high temperature stress were prospected.

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Advances in the Studies on Molecular Mechanism of Receptor-like Protein Kinase FER Regulating Host Plant-pathogen Interaction
Xiaomin Cui, Dongchao Ji, Tong Chen, Shiping Tian
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (3): 339-346.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20180
Accepted: 25 February 2021

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Plant cells rely on the receptors on the plasma membrane to sense and transmit environmental signals that mediate by the specific binding of ligands, thus initiating a series of downstream signaling pathways to maintain normal activities of plants and their responses to environmental stimuli. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are a group of important receptors composed of extracellular binding domain, transmembrane domain and intracellular kinase domain, which are the important regulatory hubs of plants to respond to environmental stimuli. FERONIA (FER) is a member of CrRLK1L receptor protein kinase family, which was firstly identified to play a role in the recognition between male and female game- tes in higher plants. Subsequently, numerous studies have shown that FER plays an important role in various biological processes, such as plant growth and development, hormonal cross-talk, responses to biotic and abiotic stress. FER has become a “star protein” in the studies of plants signaling transduction in recent years. With the intensification of the studies on plant pathology, the functions of FER in the interaction between plants and pathogens have attracted more attention. In this paper, we summarized the advances in understanding the functions of FER in the plants-pathogen interaction. This review will provide a reference for further understanding the mechanisms of receptor-like protein kinases of plant cells in response to pathogen infection.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Chromatin Accessibility and the Gene Expression Regulation in Plants
Zhanjie Li, Yuan Qin
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (6): 664-675.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21115
Accepted: 12 October 2021

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The topological organization of nucleosomes across the genome is non-uniform. While densely arranged within constitutive heterochromatin, histones are depleted at regulatory loci. Chromatin accessibility is the degree to which nuclear macromolecules are able to physically contact with regulatory DNA. Following the development of next-generation sequencing technology, a variety of quantitative methods, including DNase-seq, ATAC-seq, MNase-seq and NOMe-seq, have been developed to measure genome-wide chromatin accessibility easily and efficiently. In this review, we first introduced the technical principles of the four principal methods for measuring chromatin accessibility. And then we summarized the critical biophysical determinants of chromatin accessibility, including nucleosome occupancy, histone modification and TFs combination. Finally, we described recent advances of chromatin regulation during development and stress responses in plants. Our goal is to provide a reference for researches about genome-wide chromatin accessibility mapping, identification of cis-regulatory elements, and the dissection of epigenetic and genetic regulatory networks.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Cerasus serrulata var. lannesiana cv. ‘Grandiflora’
Qian Luo, Yansha Zhang, Jing Ou
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (4): 451-461.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20205
Accepted: 07 May 2021

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In order to establish the regeneration system of Cerasus serrulata var. lannesiana cv. ‘Grandiflora’, the effects of different explants and plant hormone combinations on callus induction, adventitious bud differentiation, proliferation and rooting were studied using perennial mother plant leaflets, annual grafted seedling leaflets, axillary bud induction leaflets and proliferative first-generation leaflets as explants. The results showed that callus could be induced from all four explants, and adventitious buds could be derived from all explants except the leaflets of perennial mother plants. The higher the degree of explants’ juvenility, the greater the success of subsequent culture, with the best explants were the proliferative first generation leaflets. The best medium for callus induction was MS+0.5 mg·L-1 6-BA+1.0 mg·L-1 2,4-D, and the induction rate was 96.22%. The optimal medium for differentiation was MS+1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA+0.1 mg·L-1 2,4-D+0.1 mg·L-1 TDZ, and the differentiation rate was 78.14%. The optimal medium for proliferation was MS+1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA, and the proliferation coefficient reached 7.85. The optimal medium for rooting was 1/2MS without any hormone, and the regenerated plants with 100% rooting rate were obtained. The regenerated plants from different explants grew very differently, and those induced from first generation of proliferative leaflets had the best growth.

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Research Progress on Apoplast Barriers of Plant Roots
Xin Liu, Pei Wang, Qingping Zhou
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (6): 761-773.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21054
Accepted: 18 June 2021

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Root is the most important organ of plants to absorb water and mineral nutrients for maintaining life activities. The architecture and ultrastructure of roots are species specific with different effects on the water and mineral nutrients absorption. Among them, suberin lamellae and Casparian strip in the endodermis and exodermis are two important apoplast barriers, which block water and ions transport nondirectionally and play important roles in the plant growth and response to stress. However, the structure, chemical composition, physiological functions, biosynthesis and regulation of root apoplast barriers are only studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. In recent years, studies of root apoplast barriers in barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa) and some forages have just been reported. In this review, the research progress of root apoplast barriers in A. thaliana, barley, rice and some forages in recent years are compared, and the future research direction is put forward in order to provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the roles of apoplastic barriers of gramineous crops and forages in growth, development and stress adaptation, and provide new ideas for crop and forage breeding.

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Callus Induction and Somatic Embryogenesis in Anther Culture of Paeonia lactiflora
Yanmin Li, Hui Jiang, Zhenzhu Fu, Jing Zhang, Xin Yuan, Huijuan Wang, Jie Gao, Xiaoyu Dong, Limin Wang, Hechen Zhang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (4): 443-450.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20195
Accepted: 27 May 2021

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The anthers of Paeonia lactiflora cv. ‘Fenyunu’ were used as explants to study the effects of different concentrations of 2,4-D on callus induction, somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. The cell composition of callus and the development process of somatic embryos were observed with cytohistological method, and the ploidy of regenerated plants was identified using root tip squash method. The results showed that the suitable medium for callus induction of P. lactiflora anther was MS+1 mg·L-12,4-D+1 mg·L-1NAA+0.1 mg·L-1KT+30 g·L-1sucrose+6.5 g·L-1agar, and the callus induction rate was 14.7%. The callus was transferred to somatic embryo induction medium and underwent stages of spherical embryo, heart-shaped embryo, torpedo embryo and cotyledon embryo, and the somatic embryo induction rate was 52.1%. Genuine leaves germinated in seedling medium and complete plants were obtained, and the seedling rate was 47.1%. Haploid and diploid plants were identified using root tip squash method. The study preliminarily established a culture system to implement plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis, which also provided reference protocol for anther culture of other varieties of Paeonia. Regenerated plants are important materials for genetic research and haploid breeding of P. lactiflora.

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Multispectral Imaging and Its Applications in Plant Science Research
Zhongsi Wang, Yaping Jia, Jin Zhang, Ruohan Wang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (4): 500-508.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21002
Accepted: 07 May 2021

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Multispectral imaging (MSI) is an emerging technology designed for advanced imaging detection, which combines the information of spectroscopy and imaging to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant phenotypes including structural, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Recently, MSI shows a strong capability to capture detailed spectral information in combination with the applications of mathematical modeling and analysis, and displays a strong potential in the field of plant research. Here we introduce the principle of MSI technology and summarize the main applications of this technology in various aspects of plant research, which includes detection of plant damage and disease, identification of plant metabolites and characterizing plant physiological status. We alse prospect the frontier development of MSI in plant research.

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Analysis on the Evolution and Transcription Activation Activity of ABI4 in Brassicaceae
Wenjing Zhang, Xiaomeng Yang, Kan Gao, Xinyi Wei, Xuetong Shi, Ruixuan Wang, Fengxia Wu, Juqing Kang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (6): 676-686.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21036
Accepted: 11 August 2021

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ABI4 is an important component of the ABA signal transduction pathway. It not only acts as a key player in ABA and GA antagonism, but also plays important roles in various aspects of ABA crosstalk with other signal chemicals. Genes regulated by ABI4 are involved in diverse processes. In this study, we got 27 homologs from 19 species in the family Brassicaceae using AthABI4 as a query, and explored their evolutionary history based on sequence polymorphism analysis, phylogenetic reconstruction, genomic synteny assay, and transcription activation activity comparison. The result revealed that ABI4 are highly conserved and might be not work as transcriptional activators independently in the Brassicaceae, which implies that the irreplaceable roles of ABI4 in plants and further research was needed to explore the molecular mechanism of its biological function.

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QTL Mapping and Candidate Gene Analysis on Rice Leaf Water Potential
Chenyang Pan, Yue Zhang, Han Lin, Qianyu Chen, Kairu Yang, Jiaji Jiang, Mengjia Li, Tao Lu, Kexin Wang, Mei Lu, Sheng Wang, Hanfei Ye, Yuchun Rao, Haitao Hu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (3): 275-283.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21039
Accepted: 21 April 2021

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To reveal the role and genetic mechanism of genes related to leaf water potential (LWP) in rice drought resistance, the 120 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) populations derived from the cross of Nekken2 and HZ as well as the two parents were chosen as the experiment materials in this study. After testing and analyzing the leaf water potential at tillering stage, quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected based on the molecular linkage map of these populations constructed by using high-throughput sequencing in the early stage. The experimental results showed that 5 QTLs related to leaf water potential at tillering stage were located on chromosome 2, 3, 4, 11 and 12, respectively, with LOD (likelihood of odd) value all above 2.5, one of which located on chromosome 4 with physical distance between 24 066 261 and 30 847 136 bp showed the highest LOD value of 5.15. Through quantitative analysis of these candidate genes relevant to leaf water potential within the QTL regions, 7 genes, LOC_Os02g56630, LOC_Os02g57720, LOC_Os02g57580, LOC_ Os04g43730, LOC_Os04g46490, LOC_Os04g44570, LOC_Os04g44060, were identified to have different expression levels between the two parents. LOC_Os04g46490, which located within the QTL region on chromosome 4, showed significant difference in gene expression and 6 differences at DNA sequences and changes at amino acids between two parents. By QTL mining and quantitative analysis of related genes, we discovered that these genes were associated with the regulation of leaf water potential, which may indirectly affect the drought resistance of rice. The detected QTL loci have important reference value for QTL fine mapping and genes cloning associated with drought tolerance, thus facilitating our understanding of the genetic basis of rice leaf water potential, and providing genetic resources for developing new drought-tolerant rice cultivars.

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Comparative Genomics of the Small Heat Shock Protein Family in Angiosperms
Kai Fan, Fangting Ye, Zhijun Mao, Xinfeng Pan, Zhaowei Li, Wenxiong Lin
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (3): 245-261.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20209
Accepted: 24 March 2021

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Small heat shock protein (sHSP) can respond to environmental stresses and regulate plant growth and development. In this study, 33 NcsHSPs, 24 OssHSPs, 17 AtsHSPs and 47 VvsHSPs were found in waterlily, rice, Arabidopsis, and grape, respectively. The sHSP family can be divided into 12 subfamilies, and different subfamily had different number of sHSP members, conserved motifs, gene structures and number of duplicated genes. Then, 12 gene duplication events in tle sHSP fanily were identified from 4 model angiosperms of sHSP family. The segmental and tandem duplication events were related to the gene expansion in the sHSP family, and the segmental duplication events occurred earlier than the tandem duplication events. Moreover, sHSP members in Arabidopsis and grape had the highest orthologous similarity, followed by sHSP members in waterlily and grape. Furthermore, sHSP family in angiosperms evolved towards sHSP members with smaller length of amino acid, lower molecular weight, simpler gene structure, and concentrated chromosomal localization. Besides, some sHSP members may be related to plant growth and development in waterlily, rice, Arabidopsis, and grape. Above all, these results could lay vital foundations on comparative genomics of the sHSP family in four model angiosperms and advance the sHSP family in other angiosperms.

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Research Advances in the Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Microtubules in Regulating Hypocotyl Elongation
Jianru Yue, Yunjian He, Tianqi Qiu, Nannan Guo, Xueping Han, Xianling Wang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (3): 363-371.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20170
Accepted: 29 December 2020

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As one of the major members of cytoskeleton, microtubules play important roles in plant growth and deve- lopment. Hypocotyl has become a model system to study cell elongation, which is regulated by multiple internal and ex- ternal signalings. Here, we reviewed the recent research progress for the roles of microtubules in regulating the hypocotyl elongation in response to diversed environmental and developmental cues, which will extend our understanding on how microtubules response to the upstream signal and play roles in the elongation of plant hypocotyls.

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Advances in Cryo-focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging Technology
Xing Jia, Fei Sun, Gang Ji
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (1): 24-29.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21161
Accepted: 17 November 2021

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Cryo-focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-FIB-SEM) is an emerging technology designed for advanced imaging detection, which performs in situ by combining Cryo-FIB milling and Cryo-SEM imaging, and has facilitated the visualization of the native structures of biological sample in the context of the cellular environment in the frozen hydrated state. In recent years, a series of important advances have been achieved in the application of this technology in the research field of life science. In this review, we summarize its application in cryo-volume serial imaging, and in combination with cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), cryo-transmission SEM (TSEM), cryo-lamella preparation monitoring, and Cryo-SEM image processing. We also provide future prospective on future development and application of Cryo-FIB-SEM in three-dimensional in situ imaging of large volume biological samples.

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Research Progress of CURT1 on Regulating Thylakoid Membrane Curvature
Qiuxin Li, Wei Chi, Daili Ji
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (4): 462-469.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20194
Accepted: 01 March 2021

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The grana in chloroplast of higher plants is a structure composed of many thylakoid discs stacked together. The formation of the grana facilitates the distribution of the photosynthetic protein complex in different positions in thylakoids, that is, it has lateral heterogeneity and can effectively carry out photosynthesis. The key step to promote the formation of grana is to bend the thylakoid membrane. CURVATURE THYLAKOID 1 (CURT1) protein has been found to be the key factor leading to membrane bending. In this review, the recent research progresses of CURT1 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and Cyanobacteria were summarized, and the prospect of CURT1 protein research in the future was put forward.

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AtMYB77 Involves in Lateral Root Development via Regulating Nitric Oxide Biosynthesis under Drought Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana
Yongmei Che, Yanjun Sun, Songchong Lu, Lixia Hou, Xinxin Fan, Xin Liu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (4): 404-413.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20207
Accepted: 21 April 2021

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Both transcription factor MYB77 and signal molecule nitric oxide (NO) are important regulators of lateral root development. However, our understanding about the role of MYB77 and NO in the regulation of lateral root formation in plants remains elusive. This study investigated the roles and interrelation of MYB77 and NO in regulating lateral root formation under drought stress by using wild type Arabidopsis, AtMYB77 deletion mutant Atmyb77-1 and overexpression lines AtOE77-1 and AtOE77-3. The results showed that the expression of AtMYB77 was induced by drought stress. When subjected to drought stress treatment, the Atmyb77-1 mutant showed down-regulation of CYCA2;1 and CDKA;1, two genes that are related with lateral root development. Meanwhile, the number and length of lateral roots in the Atmyb77-1 mutant were significantly lower than those in wild type, while AtOE77-1 and AtOE77-3 lines displayed more and longer lateral roots. These results indicated that AtMYB77 was involved in the regulation of lateral root development under drought stress. We also showed that drought stress could increase the NO content, as well as the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and nitrate reductase (NR) enzymes activity and gene expression in roots of Arabidopsis. Such increase in NO content, NOS and NR activities as well as related gene transcript levels were attenuated by deletion of AtMYB77 but enhanced by AtMYB77 overexpression. Exogenous NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) alleviated the inhibitive effects of AtMYB77 deletion on the expressions of CYCA2;1 and CDKA;1 as well as the lateral root formation, while NO sca-vengers or synthesis inhibitors attenuate the promoting effect of AtMYB77 overexpression on lateral root growth. Taken together, these results demonstrate that AtMYB77 participates in drought-induced lateral root growth by promoting NO synthesis.

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Protein Phosphorylation and Its Regulatory Roles in Seed Dormancy and Germination
Xiaoting Zhao, Kaitao Mao, Jiahui Xu, Chuan Zheng, Xiaofeng Luo, Kai Shu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (4): 488-499.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21011
Accepted: 21 April 2021

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Seed dormancy and germination are two distinct but closely related physiological processes, which are also key stages during plant life-cycle and have great significance to agricultural production, plant species reproduction, and geographical distribution. These processes are precisely regulated by interactions between different endogenous phytohormones and environmental signals. A large number of studies have shown that protein phosphorylation, plays an important role in regulating seed dormancy and germination, as well as plant response to stresses. This review paper briefly introduces the procedures and functions of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation modification, and summarizes the regulatory roles of protein phosphorylation modification in seed dormancy and germination. Finally, some future research directions are prospected.

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Managing Both Internal and Foreign Affairs—A PHR-centered Gene Network Regulates Plant-mycorrhizal Symbiosis
Dong Liu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (6): 647-650.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21177
Accepted: 26 October 2021

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Phosphorus is a macronutrient essential for plant growth and development, however, phosphate (Pi), the major form of phosphorus absorbed by plants, is quite limiting in soil. To cope with this nutritional stress, plants have evolved an array of adaptive responses, which are largely regulated by changing gene expression in response to Pi deficiency. The transcription factor, PHR1 plays a key role in regulating plant transcriptional response to Pi deficiency. Besides, most land plants can form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, through which plants can obtain Pi from soil more effectively. Recently, the research group of Ertao Wang of Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, reported that a PHR-centered gene regulatory network plays an essential role in promoting plant-AM symbiosis. Therefore, PHR not only functions in maintaining plant Pi homeostasis, but also in communicating with beneficial microorganisms in the environments, which provides another route for plants to obtain Pi from soil.

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The Structure and Function of Leaf Veins and Their Influence on Leaf Economic Spectrum
Yiling Wu, Fanglan Li, Hui Hu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (3): 388-398.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21203
Accepted: 18 March 2022

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Vascular tissues inside the mesophyll and peripheral mechanical tissues constitute the veins. The diverse orders and network structures of veins contribute to their functional diversification and differentiation. In this review, we summarized the research progresses on the structure and function of the leaf vein system. We reviewed three aspects of veins and critically evaluated the characteristics of the leaf vein hierarchy system and its important role in leaf economic spectrum (LES), and explained the mechanisms linking vein traits and other functional traits of the leaf. Leaf veins of different orders show obvious functional differentiation in terms of hydraulic conduction and mechanical support. Among them, the first three orders of veins (major veins) play a major role in maintaining leaf shape, leaf surface area and physical support, and which is conductive to the growth of leaves with the largest light-receiving area. The higher order veins (minor veins) have the function of water regulation, and their coordination with the stomata determines the rate of leaf water transport, transpiration and photosynthesis. The patterns of dynamic variation in leaf spread and leaf vein development explain the relationship between vein density and leaf size. Leaf surface area is negatively correlated with the density of main veins and positively correlated with the diameter of main veins, but independent of the density of minor veins. The framework model of LES linking with vein traits predicts that leaves with higher vein density have short lifespan and smaller leaf mass per area, which explains the better leaf carbon assimilation rate, metabolism rate and resource acquisition strategy with higher leaf vein density.

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Changes of Protein N-glycosylation in the Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and Effects of Enzymatic Deglycosylation on Root Development
Ting Wang, Huanhuan Yang, Hongwei Zhao, Josef Voglmeir, Li Liu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (3): 262-274.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20163
Accepted: 29 December 2020

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N-glycosylation of proteins plays an important role in plant growth and development. This study explored the changes in protein N-glycosylation in Arabidopsis thaliana at different growth stages and its role in the root development. N-glycans of Arabidopsis Col-0 plants at different growth stages were enzymatically released with N-glycanase and analyzed by HPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS. In addition, Arabidopsis seedlings were treated with N-glycanase, PNGase Rz, for 8 hours before further cultivation in MS medium for five and ten days. The group treated with BSA solution was used as the negative control and the group treated with sterile deionized water was used as blank control. The changes in the primary root length and N-glycosylation composition of the seedlings were measured after treatment. A total number of 12 N-glycan structures were deduced from Arabidopsis, including 4 high-mannose types and 8 complex types. Throughout the entire period, the content of complex type N-glycan was always higher than that of high-mannose; the complex structures modified with xylose and fucose were the dominant component, among which Man3XylFucGlcNAc2 is the highest. The changes of high-mannose N-glycan were as follows: the content steadily increased from 13.87% (seedling stage) to 19.02% (bolting stage), slightly decreased to 17.98% (flowering stage), and dramatically dropped to 2.36% (longhorn ripening stage), then returned 5.23% (aging stage). After treatment with PNGase Rz at high concentration, a significant inhibition of the primary root’s growth was observed, which could not be recovered after cultivation in MS medium for ten days. However, no statistical differences of root length and growth state were found in the treatment group of low concentration (0.05 mg·mL -1), compared with the negative group. N-glycan analysis of seedlings revealed that compared with the control, both treatment groups showed significant changes in the composition of N-glycans. Especially, the total content of high-mannose N-glycans was dramatically lower than that of the blank control group. Meanwhile, these glycoform differences shrank with prolonged time of cultivation and finally disappeared. In conclusion, Arabidopsis thaliana has unique pattern of N-glycosylation during the whole growing period; and glycanase treatment could intermediately alter the N-glycosylation pattern and subsequently inhibit the development of root.

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Progress in the Research on Riboflavin Biosynthesis and Function in Plants
Haitao Hu, Longbiao Guo
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2023, 58 (4): 638-655.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22109
Accepted: 27 September 2022

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Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that serve as an indispensable cofactor to maintain normal metabolism, which plays pivotal roles in mitochondrial electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, β-oxidation of fatty acids, branched-chain amino acid catabolism, redox homeostasis, chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, apoptosis and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Riboflavin deficiency will cause metabolic disorders and a series of defective phenotypes, and death in the most severe cases. Among the living organisms, microorganisms and plants can de novo synthesize riboflavin, but humans and animals can only obtain it from food. At present, the regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis in microorganisms has been clearly studied, but the mechanism of riboflavin transport and metabolism in plants is still not clear. Isolating riboflavin deficient mutants is crucial for analyzing the molecular mechanisms of riboflavin biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism in plants and the effect of riboflavin on plant growth and development. Here we review first the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway and its key enzymes, and then the processes of riboflavin involved in plant growth and development in detail, and finally give prospects for plant riboflavin research.

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Effects of Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Fixation Capacity and GmLbs Expression in Soybean
Mengke Du, Wenting Lian, Xiao Zhang, Xinxin Li
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (4): 391-403.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21037
Accepted: 07 May 2021

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The nitrogen fixation efficiency of symbiotic nodules is tightly regulated by external nitrogen (N). In addition to nitrogenase activity, the leghemoglobin (Lb) amount is vital index contributing to N2 fixation. To determine the effect of environmental N level on biological nitrogen fixation, soybean plants were inoculated with rhizobia for 30 d under low N condition (0.53 mmol·L-1), then transplanted to hydroponic culture solution with relatively higher N concentrations, including 5.3, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mmol·L-1 for 7 d, respectively. Lb concentration, nitrogenase activity and bacteroid development status were measured. Nodule displayed changed color from red to green with increasing N concentrations. Consistently, the red Lb concentration gradually declined with increased green Lb concentration. Moreover, the nitrogenase activity, infected cell number and area in nodules were all significantly decreased, suggesting that changes in Lb forms caused by excess N are closely associated with nitrogen fixation capacity. Bioinformatics and public expression profile data displayed that four symbiosis-associated Lbs, including GmLb1, GmLb2, GmLb3, and GmLb4 are the major Lb genes in soybean nodulation. These four GmLbs belong to the same clade of phylogenetic tree. Further analysis on the transcripts of GmLb1-4 in response to N showed that the expression levels of GmLb1-4 were all significantly inhibited by high N. This study services as a reference for future studies in understanding the underlying mechanisms of N-triggered nodule senescence as well as BNF application in agriculture.

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