Figure 1 Jasmonic acid signal transduction pathway (refer to Li and Yan, 2014, in Chinese; Lee et al., 2022)

Figure 2 Auxin (IAA) dynamic equilibrium in plants (refer to Hagen and Guilfoyle, 2002; Woodward and Bartel, 2005) (A) Under higher IAA concentration, ARF splits with Aux/IAAs dimer, and ARF binds to AuxREs and activates the expression of GH3, which catalyzes the binding of IAA to amino acids; (B) Under lower IAA concentration, ARF forms a dimer with Aux/IAAs and turns off AuxREs, GH3 gene transcription is inhibited, and IAA-Ala and IAA-Leu, which are auxin reservoirs, are hydrolyzed by amidohydrolase to release IAA again.

Figure 3 The function of GH3 genes in Arabidopsis growth and development (refer to Staswick et al., 1998, 2005; van Loon et al., 1998; Hsieh et al., 2000; Overmyer et al., 2000; Rao et al., 2000; Nakazawa et al., 2001; Takase et al., 2003, 2004; Park et al., 2007b; Jagadeeswaran et al., 2007; Nobuta et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2007; 2008; Zhou et al., 2015, in Chinese; Liu et al., 2016, in Chinese; Sherp et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2023, in Chinese) (A) Arabidopsis seedling; (B) Arabidopsis mature plant

Figure 4 The function of GH3 gene in rice during growth and development (refer to Yang et al., 2006; Qiu et al., 2007; Ding et al., 2008; Domingo et al., 2009; Tao et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2009, 2015; Du et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2013; Dai et al., 2018; Hui et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2022)