Identification of the Spinach AT-hook Gene Family and Analysis of Expression Profiles

doi:10.11983/CBB24117

Abstract

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The AT-hook motif nuclear localized (AHL) gene family is a highly conserved transcription factors involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses, but their roles in spinach are still unknown. RATIONALE:To reveal the basic characteristics of the AHL family in spinach, members of the spinach SoAHLfamily were identified at the whole-genome level, and their physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved motifs, promoter elements, and salicylic acid-responsive expression profiles were analyzed in this study.RESULTS: The results revealed 19 SoAHL family members in the spinach genome, which were unevenly distributed across six chromosomes. These SoAHL members can be classified into three branches, with 10 members in subfamily I and 9 members in subfamily II. The sequence composition of PPC and AT-hook conserved motifs varies among subfamilies; most of the SoAHL genes are located in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondrion. Members of subfamily I of SoAHL have no introns, whereas members of subfamily II contain 4-5 introns. The varying numbers of cis-acting elements relate to phytohormones and abiotic stress responses were distributed upstream of the promoters of the SoAHL members. The SoAHL genes can be expressed in roots, leaves, and petioles, with most genes expressed at relatively high levels in roots. The expression of two SoAHL genes (SOV6g041850.1 and SOV2g038950.1) was significantly induced by salicylic acid treatment. The expression profiles and salicylic acid-induced expression levels of SOV2g031340.1 and SOV4g018880.1 were highly correlated with the folic acid content, which may play a role in the spinach response to the salicylic acid signaling pathway. The transient overexpression of SOV4g018880.1 increased the folate content of spinach leaves by 1.75 times.CONCLUSION: The results from the sequence characteristics, expression profiles and exogenous salicylic acid treatment revealed that the SoAHLs had potential functional diversity and that specific members may have positive effects on spinach folate accumulation. Our results will lay the foundation for further resolving the function of spinach AT-hook genes.

Phenotype (A), total folate content (B) and expression analysis of SoAHL (C) under 50 μmol∙L^-1salicylic acid (SA) treatment for 5 days (D5) and 7 days (D7). CK: Control

Key words: spinach, AT-hook gene family, bioinformatics, salicylic acid

Yang Li, Qu Xitong, Chen Zihang, Zou Tingting, Wang Quanhua, Wang Xiaoli. Identification of the Spinach AT-hook Gene Family and Analysis of Expression Profiles[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025, 60(3): 377-392.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB24117

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2025/V60/I3/377

Figures/Tables 12

References 41

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Gene ID	Forward primer (5′-3′)	Reverse primer (5′-3′)
SOV4g002370.1	GTTCTAACCATCTCCGCAAT	TGAATGGGTGAAATTGGCAT
SOV5g038710.1	GAGCGGCTATGATGGAG	GGATCTGATCTGTCCATGTC
SOV1g029900.1	TAAGATGGAGCAACAACAGG	TCGGGTTCTGATTATCCTCT
SOV6g041850.1	ATATCGGCATCACAACATGG	AGTGGTTTTGGAGTTGAAGT
SOV2g030150.1	ATGGAAGGCCTCTACCACC	GTGGTGAAACTGATGATGCTG
SOV6g047350.1	GACTCTCGTGGCCCATCTGC	GTAAGGTGAATTTGATTGGTGG
SOV2g031340.1	GAGAGGATTAGCCGAGTTAC	CCCGACATTTGATTGGAAAG
SOV3g001110.1	GTAGTTCAGGGGTAACTGTG	TTTTCACCCCTAGCTGTTAC
SOV2g038950.1	GATAACAATGCTCAAAACAATG	GTTGGAATTTGGAAGGATGAG
SOV4g018880.1	CCGAATGAACAAAGCGGAC	GACATTCCATTGGTGGCGG
SOV5g038610.1	TCTGAAAATGACGTCGGTAG	CGGCTTATAAACTGCATTCC
SOV6g041780.1	GTAGTAAGGTCAGATGCTCC	CATACTTCCTTGGTCTACCC
SOV2g029980.1	GGTGACAGTAATAGGAGCAG	TTACTGGAGTAACATCCCCA
SOV5g021850.1	TCAGGACCTGGTAGCTTTTA	AAAGTCATCCCGGAATTAGG
SOV6g040610.1	GGATGGGAGAGAAGGTATGGC	CCAACTGCCCCAGGAATTGT
SOV4g057830.1	ATAACGCCCTGGTGCAACTG	TGTGGCCTCCATCCGAACACAT
SOV4g019010.1	ACGAACAACCCGGACAACTT	ACCGCCATGATTCCATCCAT
SOV6g040700.1	TTGCCTCCGGTCCTGTGGTTATTAT	TCAGGTCTTTGCCAGTGATCTACC
SOV6g047370.1	TCCGGTCCTGTGGTTATTATGGC	TCAGGTCTTTGCCAGTGATCTACC
18S	CCATAAACGATGCCGACCAG	AGCCTTGCGACCATACTCCC

Gene ID	Forward primer (5′-3′)	Reverse primer (5′-3′)
SOV4g002370.1	GTTCTAACCATCTCCGCAAT	TGAATGGGTGAAATTGGCAT
SOV5g038710.1	GAGCGGCTATGATGGAG	GGATCTGATCTGTCCATGTC
SOV1g029900.1	TAAGATGGAGCAACAACAGG	TCGGGTTCTGATTATCCTCT
SOV6g041850.1	ATATCGGCATCACAACATGG	AGTGGTTTTGGAGTTGAAGT
SOV2g030150.1	ATGGAAGGCCTCTACCACC	GTGGTGAAACTGATGATGCTG
SOV6g047350.1	GACTCTCGTGGCCCATCTGC	GTAAGGTGAATTTGATTGGTGG
SOV2g031340.1	GAGAGGATTAGCCGAGTTAC	CCCGACATTTGATTGGAAAG
SOV3g001110.1	GTAGTTCAGGGGTAACTGTG	TTTTCACCCCTAGCTGTTAC
SOV2g038950.1	GATAACAATGCTCAAAACAATG	GTTGGAATTTGGAAGGATGAG
SOV4g018880.1	CCGAATGAACAAAGCGGAC	GACATTCCATTGGTGGCGG
SOV5g038610.1	TCTGAAAATGACGTCGGTAG	CGGCTTATAAACTGCATTCC
SOV6g041780.1	GTAGTAAGGTCAGATGCTCC	CATACTTCCTTGGTCTACCC
SOV2g029980.1	GGTGACAGTAATAGGAGCAG	TTACTGGAGTAACATCCCCA
SOV5g021850.1	TCAGGACCTGGTAGCTTTTA	AAAGTCATCCCGGAATTAGG
SOV6g040610.1	GGATGGGAGAGAAGGTATGGC	CCAACTGCCCCAGGAATTGT
SOV4g057830.1	ATAACGCCCTGGTGCAACTG	TGTGGCCTCCATCCGAACACAT
SOV4g019010.1	ACGAACAACCCGGACAACTT	ACCGCCATGATTCCATCCAT
SOV6g040700.1	TTGCCTCCGGTCCTGTGGTTATTAT	TCAGGTCTTTGCCAGTGATCTACC
SOV6g047370.1	TCCGGTCCTGTGGTTATTATGGC	TCAGGTCTTTGCCAGTGATCTACC
18S	CCATAAACGATGCCGACCAG	AGCCTTGCGACCATACTCCC

Gene ID	Genome location	Subcellular localization	Length (bp)	Amino acid (aa)	Molecular weight (kDa)	PI
SOV1g029900.1	Chr. 1: 113135928-113136926	NLS, Chl	999	333	33.84	5.37
SOV4g019010.1	Chr. 4: 52394687-52395604	NLS	918	306	31.47	6.16
SOV4g057830.1	Chr. 4: 186409628-186410449	NLS, Chl	822	274	27.68	6.42
SOV5g038710.1	Chr. 5: 123243932-123247784	NLS	819	273	26.72	6.43
SOV6g040700.1	Chr. 6: 140433598-140434404	NLS, Cyt	807	269	28.36	9.07
SOV6g047370.1	Chr. 6: 148547185-148548063	Chl, NLS	879	293	30.18	6.04
SOV2g030150.1	Chr. 2: 101786656-101787666	NLS, Chl	1011	337	34.80	7.22
SOV6g041850.1	Chr. 6: 141988749-141989711	NLS, Chl	963	321	32.97	5.97
SOV2g038950.1	Chr. 2: 112654862-112655896	Cyt, NLS	1035	345	36.80	6.85
SOV4g018880.1	Chr. 4: 52004210-52011645	NLS	1041	347	36.10	8.46
SOV2g031340.1	Chr. 2: 103380711-103385136	NLS	990	330	34.05	9.58
SOV6g040610.1	Chr. 6: 140337052-140344304	NLS, Cyt	1044	348	35.29	9.89
SOV2g029980.1	Chr. 2: 101504484-101511484	NLS, Chl	1032	344	35.92	9.44
SOV6g041780.1	Chr. 6: 141900514-141905585	NLS	1026	342	35.70	8.33
SOV3g001110.1	Chr. 3: 1145951-1151558	Chl, NLS	1089	363	37.96	5.73
SOV5g021850.1	Chr. 5: 39407625-39411618	NLS, Chl	1089	363	37.31	7.87
SOV5g038610.1	Chr. 5: 122545368-122554893	NLS	1092	364	37.09	9.87
SOV6g047350.1	Chr. 6: 148521377-148529101	NLS, Chl	1413	471	50.13	8.79
SOV4g002370.1	Chr. 4: 2764521-2765501	NLS, Cyt	981	327	36.06	6.04

Gene ID	Genome location	Subcellular localization	Length (bp)	Amino acid (aa)	Molecular weight (kDa)	PI
SOV1g029900.1	Chr. 1: 113135928-113136926	NLS, Chl	999	333	33.84	5.37
SOV4g019010.1	Chr. 4: 52394687-52395604	NLS	918	306	31.47	6.16
SOV4g057830.1	Chr. 4: 186409628-186410449	NLS, Chl	822	274	27.68	6.42
SOV5g038710.1	Chr. 5: 123243932-123247784	NLS	819	273	26.72	6.43
SOV6g040700.1	Chr. 6: 140433598-140434404	NLS, Cyt	807	269	28.36	9.07
SOV6g047370.1	Chr. 6: 148547185-148548063	Chl, NLS	879	293	30.18	6.04
SOV2g030150.1	Chr. 2: 101786656-101787666	NLS, Chl	1011	337	34.80	7.22
SOV6g041850.1	Chr. 6: 141988749-141989711	NLS, Chl	963	321	32.97	5.97
SOV2g038950.1	Chr. 2: 112654862-112655896	Cyt, NLS	1035	345	36.80	6.85
SOV4g018880.1	Chr. 4: 52004210-52011645	NLS	1041	347	36.10	8.46
SOV2g031340.1	Chr. 2: 103380711-103385136	NLS	990	330	34.05	9.58
SOV6g040610.1	Chr. 6: 140337052-140344304	NLS, Cyt	1044	348	35.29	9.89
SOV2g029980.1	Chr. 2: 101504484-101511484	NLS, Chl	1032	344	35.92	9.44
SOV6g041780.1	Chr. 6: 141900514-141905585	NLS	1026	342	35.70	8.33
SOV3g001110.1	Chr. 3: 1145951-1151558	Chl, NLS	1089	363	37.96	5.73
SOV5g021850.1	Chr. 5: 39407625-39411618	NLS, Chl	1089	363	37.31	7.87
SOV5g038610.1	Chr. 5: 122545368-122554893	NLS	1092	364	37.09	9.87
SOV6g047350.1	Chr. 6: 148521377-148529101	NLS, Chl	1413	471	50.13	8.79
SOV4g002370.1	Chr. 4: 2764521-2765501	NLS, Cyt	981	327	36.06	6.04

Salicylic acid	Days of treatments (d)	Shoot fresh biomass (g)	Root fresh biomass (g)	Shoot dry biomass (g)	Root dry biomass (g)
Mock	0	0.737±0.171 d	0.053±0.004 b	0.083±0.013 b	0.004±0.001 a
	1	1.042±0.049 c	0.076±0.016 b	0.083±0.013 b	0.030±0.036 a
	3	1.097±0.125 c	0.066±0.008 b	0.095±0.014 b	0.008±0.002 a
	5	1.304±0.017 b	0.079±0.016 b	0.132±0.028 a	0.012±0.008 a
	7	1.511±0.054 a	0.104±0.016 a	0.111±0.020 ab	0.010±0.003 a
SA50	0	0.800±0.190 c	0.061±0.003 a	0.087±0.015 a	0.007±0.003 a
	1	1.123±0.116 b	0.077±0.015 a	0.123±0.032 a	0.012±0.005 a
	3	1.083±0.115 b	0.088±0.056 a	0.339±0.441 a	0.010±0.003 a
	5	1.303±0.080 ab	0.069±0.010 a	0.096±0.018 a	0.010±0.006 a
	7	1.501±0.085 a	0.077±0.015 a	0.094±0.038 a	0.049±0.070 a