Post-transcriptional Regulation in Plant Immunity

doi:10.11983/CBB25072

Abstract

Abstract: Pathogen infection is a serious threat to plant growth and development, causing severe crop yield reduction. The plant immune system, which is mainly composed of PTI (pattern-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity), plays an essential role in resistance against pathogen infection. A large amount of research focused on resolving the key immune receptors/co-receptors, the components and regulation mechanisms of the PTI and ETI signaling pathways, and the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of the plant immune hormones salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. The major events during plant immune responses include pathogen recognition, the outburst of reactive oxygen species, Ca²⁺ influx, MAPK cascade signaling, and the induced expression of downstream defense genes. Recent studies have revealed that the expression of plant immune-related genes is not only regulated at the transcriptional level. The stability, translation efficiency, and translation products of their mRNAs are affected by a variety of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, including alternative splicing, m⁶A modification, small RNAs, uORFs, and R-motifs. Here, we summarized the present understanding of the plant immune system and mainly introduced the latest studies of the post-transcriptional regulation of plant immunity. This review also covered some findings that showed how pathogen interferes with the host post-transcriptional regulatory machinery. Some post-transcriptional regulatory elements have been successfully applied in crops. This application provides new molecular tools for improving diseases resistance and contribution to food security, as well as useful components for molecular breeding.

Key words: plant immunity, alternative splicing, m⁶A modification, small RNA, uORF

Xu Yufeng, Zhou Mian. Post-transcriptional Regulation in Plant Immunity[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025, 60(5): 704-721.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB25072

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2025/V60/I5/704

Figures/Tables 2

Figure 1 Overview of plant immunity After recognition of PAMPs or DAMPs released during pathogen invasion, PRRs on plant cell surfaces activate downstream RLCKs, subsequently triggering the MAPK cascade to drive immune gene expression. Simultaneously, RLCKs enhance ROS production and Ca2+ influx through kinase activity, coordinately suppressing pathogen infection. Pathogens secrete effectors to inhibit PRRs signaling and MAPK activation. When effectors enter plant cells, intracellular NLR specifically detect these effectors, inducing Programmed Cell Death (PCD) to prevent pathogen spread. Furthermore, pathogen infection promotes salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. SA binding to NPR1 induces its transition from oligomeric to dimeric forms, enabling nuclear entry to function as a transcriptional coactivator, to potentiate the expression of immune-responsive genes. PRRs: Pattern recognition receptors; PAMPs: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs: Damage-associated molecular patterns; RLCK: Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; RLP: Receptor-like protein; RLK: Receptor-like kinase; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; NLR: Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat; RBOHD: Respiratory burst oxidase protein D

Figure 2 Regulation of RNA and translational control in plant immunity During plant immune responses, phosphorylation of spliceosome components enhances mRNA splicing efficiency, while alternative splicing diversifies NLR gene transcripts, enabling synergistic coordination among isoforms to regulate immunity. The m6A methylation at mRNA adenine N6 positions is recognized by reader proteins, fine-tuning immune signaling through modulating transcript stability and nucleocytoplasmic transport. miRNA originates from MIR gene transcripts, whereas siRNA derives from dsRNA. After maturation, one strand is incorporated into the RISC, while the other strand is degraded. RISC suppresses target mRNA via cleavage or translational repression. Certain sRNAs may translocate into pathogens to silence virulence genes, inhibiting infection. Moreover, uORFs at mRNA 5′ termini typically repress mORF translation, but stress conditions alleviate this inhibition to activate mORF expression. Notably, R-motifs in the 5′ regions of select immune genes function as IRES elements. Upon immune activation, R-motifs recruit translation initiation factors by interacting with PABPs, bypassing the canonical cap-dependent pathway. Phosphorylation of PABPs strengthens their binding affinity to R-motifs, synergistically boosting the translation of immune-related proteins. NLR: Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat; RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex; uORF: Upstream open reading frames; mORF: Main open reading frame; IRES: Internal ribosome entry site; PABPs: Poly(A)- binding proteins; eIF4E: Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E

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