Regulatory Mechanism of Thioredoxin (Trx) in Chloroplasts

doi:10.11983/CBB18047

Abstract

Abstract: Thioredoxins (Trx), a family of thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases, function as protein disulfide reductases to disulfide isomerases or to disulfide transferases to regulate the structure and function of intracellular proteins by modifying disulfide bonds between two cysteine residues in the side chain of the substrate proteins. The chloroplast Trx systems includes Trx and Trx-like proteins, ferredoxin (Fd)-dependent thioredoxin reductase (FTR) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent thioredoxin C (NADPH Trx reductase C, NTRC). In addition to regulating the activity of stromal enzymes and transportation of chloroplast proteins by the Trx system, the chloroplast contains a reduction potential transfer pathway across the thylakoid membrane. The reduction potential of the substrate Trx is mediated by the transmembrane transporter and finally to the thylakoid lumenal protein. FTR and NTRC coordinate to regulate chloroplast homeostasis. This paper summarizes the regulatory mechanism of the chloroplast thioredoxin system that highlights the significance of the chloroplast Trx system in maintaining photosynthetic efficiency in plants.

Key words: chloroplast, disulfide, photosynthetic efficiency, redox, thioredoxin

Tong Qin,Zhen Huang,Zhenhui Kang. Regulatory Mechanism of Thioredoxin (Trx) in Chloroplasts[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2019, 54(1): 119-132.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB18047

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2019/V54/I1/119

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References 102

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名称	登录号	氧化还原电位*	功能	参考文献
FTRA1	AT5G23440	-356 mV	还原酶	Balsera et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014; Yoshida and Hisabori, 2017
FTRA2	AT5G08410	-356 mV	还原酶	Balsera et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014; Yoshida and Hisabori, 2017
FTRB	AT2G04700	-356 mV	还原酶	Balsera et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014; Yoshida and Hisabori, 2017
NTRC	AT2G41680	-330 mV	还原酶	Michalska et al., 2009; Chae et al., 2013; Bernal-Bayard et al., 2014; Puerto-Galán et al., 2015; Carrilloet al., 2016; Naranjo et al., 2016b; Pérez-Ruiz et al., 2017
Trx f1	AT3G02730	-321 mV (pH7.5)	调节FBPase和ATP合酶(CF 1 γ亚基)活性, 氧化胁迫	Hisabori et al., 2013; Yoshida et al., 2015
Trx f2	AT5G16400	-321 mV (pH7.5)	调节FBPase和ATP合酶(CF 1 γ亚基)活性, 氧化胁迫	Hisabori et al., 2013; Yoshida et al., 2015
Trx m1	AT1G03680	-335 mV (pH7.5)	调节Calvin-Benson循环酶活性	Okegawa and Motohashi, 2015
Trx m2	AT4G03520	-335 mV (pH7.5)	调节Calvin-Benson循环酶活性	Okegawa and Motohashi, 2015
Trx m3	AT2G15570	-316 mV (pH7.5)	胞内蛋白运输和分生组织维持	Benitez-Alfonso et al., 2009
Trx m4	AT3G15360	-312 mV (pH7.5)	调节Calvin-Benson循环酶活性, 环形电子传递	Okegawa and Motohashi, 2015
Trx y1	AT1G76760	-296 mV (pH7.5)	胁迫响应	Okegawa and Motohashi, 2015
Trx y2	AT1G43560	-295 mV (pH7.5)	硫代谢	Laugier et al., 2013
Trx x	AT1G50320	-310 mV (pH7.5)	胁迫响应	Bernal-Bayard et al., 2014
Trx z	AT3G06730	-276 mV (pH7.5)	质体转录胁迫应激	Arsova et al., 2010; Chibani et al., 2011; Díaz et al., 2018
HCF164	At4G37200	-224 mV ^**	Cyt b₆f复合体装配	Motohashi and Hisabori, 2010
LTO1	AT4G35760	-180 mV ^***	蛋白折叠	Wang et al., 2011; Karamoko et al., 2011, 2013
SOQ1	At1G56500	未知	光抑制淬灭	Brooks et al., 2013
CDSP32	AT1G76080	-337 mV (pH7.9)	调节MSRB1的活性	Tarrago et al., 2010
AtACHT1 (Lilium 5)	AT4G26160	-237 mV	抗氧化	Dangoor et al., 2009, 2012
AtACHT2a (Lilium 2)	AT4G29670.1	-239 mV	未知	Dangoor et al., 2009
AtACHT2b (Lilium 2)	AT4G29670.2	未知	未知	Dangoor et al., 2009
AtACHT3 (Lilium 4)	AT2G33270	未知	未知	Dangoor et al., 2009
AtACHT4a (Lilium 1)	AT1G08570.1	-240 mV	淀粉合成	Dangoor et al., 2009; Eliyahu et al., 2015
AtACHT4b (Lilium 1)	AT1G08570.2	未知	淀粉合成	Dangoor et al., 2009; Eliyahu et al., 2015
AtACHT5 (Lilium 3)	AT5G61440	未知	未知	Dangoor et al., 2009
WCRKC1	AT5G06690	未知	冷胁迫	Chibani et al., 2011
WCRKC2	AT5G04260	未知	冷胁迫	Chibani et al., 2011

名称	登录号	氧化还原电位*	功能	参考文献
FTRA1	AT5G23440	-356 mV	还原酶	Balsera et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014; Yoshida and Hisabori, 2017
FTRA2	AT5G08410	-356 mV	还原酶	Balsera et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014; Yoshida and Hisabori, 2017
FTRB	AT2G04700	-356 mV	还原酶	Balsera et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014; Yoshida and Hisabori, 2017
NTRC	AT2G41680	-330 mV	还原酶	Michalska et al., 2009; Chae et al., 2013; Bernal-Bayard et al., 2014; Puerto-Galán et al., 2015; Carrilloet al., 2016; Naranjo et al., 2016b; Pérez-Ruiz et al., 2017
Trx f1	AT3G02730	-321 mV (pH7.5)	调节FBPase和ATP合酶(CF 1 γ亚基)活性, 氧化胁迫	Hisabori et al., 2013; Yoshida et al., 2015
Trx f2	AT5G16400	-321 mV (pH7.5)	调节FBPase和ATP合酶(CF 1 γ亚基)活性, 氧化胁迫	Hisabori et al., 2013; Yoshida et al., 2015
Trx m1	AT1G03680	-335 mV (pH7.5)	调节Calvin-Benson循环酶活性	Okegawa and Motohashi, 2015
Trx m2	AT4G03520	-335 mV (pH7.5)	调节Calvin-Benson循环酶活性	Okegawa and Motohashi, 2015
Trx m3	AT2G15570	-316 mV (pH7.5)	胞内蛋白运输和分生组织维持	Benitez-Alfonso et al., 2009
Trx m4	AT3G15360	-312 mV (pH7.5)	调节Calvin-Benson循环酶活性, 环形电子传递	Okegawa and Motohashi, 2015
Trx y1	AT1G76760	-296 mV (pH7.5)	胁迫响应	Okegawa and Motohashi, 2015
Trx y2	AT1G43560	-295 mV (pH7.5)	硫代谢	Laugier et al., 2013
Trx x	AT1G50320	-310 mV (pH7.5)	胁迫响应	Bernal-Bayard et al., 2014
Trx z	AT3G06730	-276 mV (pH7.5)	质体转录胁迫应激	Arsova et al., 2010; Chibani et al., 2011; Díaz et al., 2018
HCF164	At4G37200	-224 mV ^**	Cyt b₆f复合体装配	Motohashi and Hisabori, 2010
LTO1	AT4G35760	-180 mV ^***	蛋白折叠	Wang et al., 2011; Karamoko et al., 2011, 2013
SOQ1	At1G56500	未知	光抑制淬灭	Brooks et al., 2013
CDSP32	AT1G76080	-337 mV (pH7.9)	调节MSRB1的活性	Tarrago et al., 2010
AtACHT1 (Lilium 5)	AT4G26160	-237 mV	抗氧化	Dangoor et al., 2009, 2012
AtACHT2a (Lilium 2)	AT4G29670.1	-239 mV	未知	Dangoor et al., 2009
AtACHT2b (Lilium 2)	AT4G29670.2	未知	未知	Dangoor et al., 2009
AtACHT3 (Lilium 4)	AT2G33270	未知	未知	Dangoor et al., 2009
AtACHT4a (Lilium 1)	AT1G08570.1	-240 mV	淀粉合成	Dangoor et al., 2009; Eliyahu et al., 2015
AtACHT4b (Lilium 1)	AT1G08570.2	未知	淀粉合成	Dangoor et al., 2009; Eliyahu et al., 2015
AtACHT5 (Lilium 3)	AT5G61440	未知	未知	Dangoor et al., 2009
WCRKC1	AT5G06690	未知	冷胁迫	Chibani et al., 2011
WCRKC2	AT5G04260	未知	冷胁迫	Chibani et al., 2011

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