Advances on the Executor Resistance Genes in Plants

doi:10.11983/CBB24002

Abstract

Abstract: The survive of plants is mainly attributed to their complex and sophisticated immune defense system that has evolved through the process of battles against pathogens. The cloning and functional research of disease resistance (R) genes have greatly facilitated people’s understanding of plant immune defense systems. Executor (E) genes, as a new type of plant disease resistance genes, has unique disease resistance characteristics and is also an important resource for disease resistance genes, making it a research hotspot in the field of plant immunity. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the cloning and functional mechanism research of E genes, however, there is no Chinese review about them. This article comprehensively summarizes the protein sequence characteristics, interaction mechanisms with pathogens, biological functions and breeding applications of the E genes, aiming to provide important references for understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions and disease-resistant breeding of crops.

Key words: plant-pathogen interaction, executor genes, gene cloning, molecular mechanism, breeding application

Lumei He, Bojun Ma, Xifeng Chen. Advances on the Executor Resistance Genes in Plants[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2024, 59(4): 671-680.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB24002

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2024/V59/I4/671

Figures/Tables 5

Table 1 Basic information of the executor (E) genes and their encoding proteins

基因	蛋白登录号	基因编码区长度(bp)	蛋白氨基酸数目(aa)	跨膜次数	物种	参考文献
Bs3	ABW82012	1366	342	0	Capsicum annuum	Römer et al., 2007; Schornack et al., 2008
Bs4C-R	AFW98885	495	164	4	C. pubescens	Strauß et al., 2012
Xa7	UMZ39519	342	113	2	Oryza sativa	Chen et al., 2021; Luo et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021
Xa10	AGE45112	381	126	4	O. sativa	Tian et al., 2014
Xa23	AIX09985	342	113	3	O. rufipogon	Wang et al., 2015
Xa27	AFO69279	342	113	2	O. minuta	Wu et al., 2008

Figure 1 Structural characteristics of proteins encoded by the executor (E) genes (A) Sequence alignment of the five E proteins using ClustalX; (B) Transmembrane domains of five E proteins predicted by SOSUI (BS4C-R and XA10 have four transmembrane domains, XA23 has three transmembrane domains, while XA7 and XA27 have two transmembrane domains); (C) 3D structure of the five E proteins predicted by AlphaFold 2 (each E protein contains multiple α-helix).

Figure 2 Recognition relationship between the repeat variable diresidue (RVD) of repeat domains in transcription activation- like effector (TALE) and the effector binding element (EBE) in promoter of executor (E) gene The green letters represent nucleotides that perfectly match RVD, while the red letters represent nucleotides do not perfectly match, RVD carrying * means no base preference due to the absence of the 13th amino acid residue.

Table 2 Prediction score of the binding ability of the transcription activation-like effector (TALE) to the effector binding element (EBE) in the target gene promoter

效应子	基因	EBE	匹配度得分值
AvrBs3	Bs3	Bs3-EBE_AvrBs3	11.05
AvrBs3	Upa20	Upa20-EBE_AvrBs3	11.42
AvrXa7	Xa7	Xa7-EBE_AvrXa7	19.65
AvrXa7	Sweet14	Sweet14-EBE_AvrXa7	26.72
PthXo3	Xa7	Xa7-EBE_PthXo3	29.95
PthXo3	Sweet14	Sweet14-EBE_PthXo3	31.87

Figure 3 Pattern diagram of executor (E) genes and their interacting pathogens The E genes Xa7, Xa10, Xa23 and Xa27 derived from rice enhance the resistance of rice to Xoo, while the E genes Bs3 and Bs4C-R derived from pepper enhance the resistance to pepper Xcv. The Rph3 gene originated from barley confers resistance to Puccinia hordei (Ph), while the WTS gene cloned from Arabidopsis enhances resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae (Pb).

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