Phytohormone-mediated Plant Shade Responses

doi:10.11983/CBB17014

Abstract

Abstract: Plant survival and reproduction are closely related to light signal transduction. Both light intensity and light quality regulate plant growth and development. In natural or artificial ecosystems, the light received by an individual plant can be modified by its neighbors, and the photosynthetically active radiation and ratio of red light to far red light (R:FR) will significantly decrease, called shade. Shade stress has many effects during distinct stages of plant growth and development, including seed germination inhibition, seedling hypocotyl elongation and early flowering. Subsequently, shade decreases crop yield and quality; thus, it is unfavorable for agricultural production. Phytohormones are key endogenous factors in regulating plant growth and development. Numerous studies demonstrated that auxin, gibberellin and brassinosteroids are involved in the shade stress response. Under shade conditions, light signaling will be perceived and integrated by the plant, and the integrated signal can affect the biosynthesis and signal transduction of phytohormones. Different phytohormones have distinct pathways in response to shade stress. The crosstalk among phytohormone signaling pathways under shade stress are still unclear. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of response of the main phytohormones (auxin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid) to shade stress, then the effects of shade on phytohormone synthesis and signal transduction, and the molecular mechanism of phytohormone regulation of growth of plants under shade stress. Finally, we propose future research directions.

Key words: phytohormones, shade, hypocotyl, auxin, gibberellin, brassinosteroid

Haiwei Shuai, Yongjie Meng, Feng Chen, Wenguan Zhou, Xiaofeng Luo, Wenyu Yang, Kai Shu. Phytohormone-mediated Plant Shade Responses[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2018, 53(1): 139-148.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB17014

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2018/V53/I1/139

Figures/Tables 1

Figure 1 The proposed plant shade response signaling networks mediated by several important phytohormones Phytochrome is transferred from active Pfr to inactive Pr statuses under shade conditions, and this further attenuates the inhibition effect on PIFs. Although the shade response is distinct among different phytohormones, finally the interaction between all phytohormones with PIFs is documented. Under shade conditions, the transcription level of GA biosynthesis genes GA3ox and GA20ox were increased, which further promotes degradation of DELLA and finally inhibits the functions of PIFs. The expression of BR biosynthesis gene ROT3 is also increased under shade conditions, and further enhances BR biosynthesis and promotes BZR1 transcription, and finally the interaction between BZR1 and PIF4 was detected. Similar to GA and BR, ethylene level was also increased under shade conditions. The increase of ethylene then induces EIN3 transcription, and transcription factor EIN3 further enhances the transcription of PIF3. Both auxin biosynthesis and signaling pathways are regulated by PIFs; in detail, PIF4, PIF5 and PIF7 enhance IAA biogenesis, and PIF4 and PIF5 also promote ARF6 expression. So far, auxin is the most important phytohormone mediates plant shade response. In a word, under shade conditions, the crosstalk networks among different phytohormones signaling pathways were documented. For example, the synergy effect of PIF4, BZR1 and ARF6 was detected under shade conditions, with regard to hypocotyl elongation.

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