氮掺杂石墨烯量子点对拟南芥主根生长方向的影响

doi:10.11983/CBB22048

植物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (5): 623-634.DOI: 10.11983/CBB22048

氮掺杂石墨烯量子点对拟南芥主根生长方向的影响

叶青, 闫晓燕, 陈慧泽, 冯金林, 韩榕^*()

山西师范大学生命科学学院, 植物分子与环境胁迫响应山西省高校重点实验室, 太原 030031

收稿日期:2022-03-14 接受日期:2022-06-28 出版日期:2022-09-01 发布日期:2022-09-09
通讯作者: 韩榕
作者简介:*E-mail: hhwrsl@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(30671061);山西省研究生教育创新项目(2020SY322);山西师范大学研究生科技创新项目(2019XSY022)

Effect of Nitrogen-doped Graphene Quantum Dots on Growth Direction of Primary Root in Arabidopsis thaliana

Ye Qing, Yan Xiaoyan, Chen Huize, Feng Jinlin, Han Rong^*()

Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environmental Stress Response in Shanxi Province, School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China

Received:2022-03-14 Accepted:2022-06-28 Online:2022-09-01 Published:2022-09-09
Contact: Han Rong
About author:*E-mail: hhwrsl@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 石墨烯量子点(GQDs)在电化学生物传感器、生物成像和生物医学等领域具有巨大的应用潜力, 在公众和环境中的暴露程度也越来越高, 近年来其生物安全性备受关注。截至目前, 有关石墨烯量子点对植物生长发育影响的研究较少。该文从细胞和分子水平探究了氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs)处理对拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)主根生长方向的影响。结果表明, N-GQDs能够被根摄取, 并通过维管束运输。50-100 mg∙L^-1 N-GQDs处理可改变主根的生长方向, 使其朝着远离培养基的方向发生弯曲。研究发现, N-GQDs处理导致根尖小柱细胞中淀粉粒的积累减少, 生长素外排载体PIN3的表达量降低, 小柱细胞中的PIN3重新定位到远离培养基一侧的细胞外侧膜(即朝向空气), 促进根尖生长素的不对称分布, 从而引发主根朝着远离培养基的方向弯曲生长, 以避开较高浓度的N-GQDs环境。研究结果为进一步阐明N-GQDs处理改变根生长方向的机制提供了重要线索, 同时也为N-GQDs的生物安全性评价提供参考依据。

关键词: 生长素, 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点, PIN3, 根生长, 淀粉粒

Abstract: Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have substantial application potentials in various fields such as electrochemical biosensor, bioimaging and biomedicine. Therefore, with the increasing exposure to the public and environment, their biosafety has aroused increasing concerns in recent years. So far, the influence of GQDs on the growth and development of plants is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the influence of nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) treatment on the growth direction of primary root in Arabidopsis thaliana at cellular and molecular levels. We found that the N-GQDs were absorbed by roots and transported via vascular bundles. After the N-GQDs treatment at the concentration of 50-100 mg∙L^-1, the growth direction of primary roots was changed, curving towards the outside of the culture medium. Because of the N-GQDs treatment, the starch granule accumulation of columnar cells was reduced, the abundance of auxin efflux carrier PIN3 was repressed, and the PIN3 in columnar cells was relocated to outer lateral membrane distant from the culture medium (towards the air), which resulted in the asymmetric auxin distribution in the root tips and the curved growth of primary roots towards a direction distant from the medium in order to run away from the high-concentration N-GQDs environment. The study results provide a reference direction for exploring the possible coping mechanism of plants with N-GQDs treatment, and also provide corresponding data for biosafety evaluation of N-GQDs.

Key words: auxin, nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots, PIN3, root growth, starch granule

叶青, 闫晓燕, 陈慧泽, 冯金林, 韩榕. 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点对拟南芥主根生长方向的影响. 植物学报, 2022, 57(5): 623-634.

Ye Qing, Yan Xiaoyan, Chen Huize, Feng Jinlin, Han Rong. Effect of Nitrogen-doped Graphene Quantum Dots on Growth Direction of Primary Root in Arabidopsis thaliana. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2022, 57(5): 623-634.

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链接本文: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/CN/10.11983/CBB22048

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图/表 9

图1 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs)处理后拟南芥主根根尖弯曲角度的测量方法 (A) 1/4MS培养基上垂直培养的5日龄拟南芥幼苗主根; (B) 将(A)中的幼苗转移至添加50 mg·L-1 N-GQDs的1/4MS培养基上垂直培养3天, 根沿着远离培养基的方向发生弯曲, 测定主根弯曲角度, 即根的生长方向与重力方向之间的弯曲夹角α。图中左侧的黄色部分表示垂直放置的培养基一侧, 右侧白色部分表示远离培养基的空气一侧。Bars=500 μm

Figure 1 Measurement method for bending angle of Arabidopsis primary root tip after nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) treatment (A) Primary roots of 5-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings vertically cultured on 1/4MS medium; (B) The seedlings in (A) were transferred to 1/4MS medium containing 50 mg·L-1 N-GQDs, they were cultured vertically for 3 d, the roots were bent towards the direction distant from the medium. The bending angle α of primary roots between root growth direction and gravity direction was determined. The yellow part at the left side in figure meant the seedlings were perpendicularly placed at one side of the medium, and the white part at the right side denoted that the seedlings were placed at the air side distant from the medium. Bars=500 μm

图2 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs)处理后拟南芥主根根尖两侧GUS活性的测量方法 (A) 用含50 mg·L-1 N-GQDs的1/4MS培养基垂直培养5日龄拟南芥DR5-GUS株系3天, 根沿着远离培养基的方向发生弯曲, 测定主根根尖左右两侧(靠近培养基一侧/远离培养基一侧)的GUS活性, 其中左侧的红色箭头表示靠近培养基一侧, 右侧的红色箭头表示远离培养基一侧(bar=200 μm); (B) DR5-GUS株系主根根尖左右两侧GUS活性的测量方法, 图中红色方框所选区域即为测定左侧区域(bar=50 μm)。

Figure 2 Measurement method of GUS activity at two sides of Arabidopsis thaliana primary root tip after nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) treatment (A) After 5-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana DR5-GUS plant was perpendicularly cultured in 1/4MS medium containing 50 mg·L-1 N-GQDs for 3 d, the root was bent towards a direction distant from the medium, and the GUS activity value at the left and right sides (close to the culture medium/distant from the medium) of primary root tips were determined, the red arrow at the left side represents the side close to the medium and that at the right side denotes the side distant from the medium (bar=200 μm); (B) Measurement method of GUS activity at the left and right sides of primary root tip of DR5-GUS plant, the red box in the figure was the determined left region (bar=50 μm).

图3 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs)的表征 (A) N-GQDs的透射电子显微镜图, 红色箭头示N-GQDs (bar=20 nm); (B) N-GQDs的粒径分布; (C) N-GQDs的PL光谱

Figure 3 The characterization of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) (A) Transmission electron microscope graph of N-GQDs, the red arrows represent N-GQDs (bar=20 nm); (B) Particle size distribution diagram of N-GQDs; (C) Photoluminescence (PL) spectrogram of N-GQDs

图4 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs)的X射线光电子能谱(XPS) (A) N-GQDs的全扫描XPS图谱; (B) 高分辨率C1s光谱; (C) N1s光谱; (D) O1s光谱

Figure 4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) (A) Full-scan XPS spectrum of N-GQDs; (B) High resolution C1s spectrum; (C) N1s spectrum; (D) O1s spectrum

图5 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs)在拟南芥幼苗主根中的分布 (A), (C) 未经N-GQDs处理的拟南芥幼苗主根分生区和伸长区(A)及根毛区(C)的荧光显微镜图像(bars=200 μm); (B), (D) N-GQDs处理3天后主根分生区和伸长区(B)及根毛区(D)的荧光显微镜图像(bars=200 μm), N-GQDs在荧光显微镜下呈现红光; (E), (F) N-GQDs处理3天后根毛区维管束的激光共聚焦显微镜图像(bars=30 μm)

Figure 5 Distribution of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) in primary roots of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings (A), (C) Fluorescence micro images of meristem zone and elongation zone (A), and root hair zone (C) of primary roots in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings untreated with N-GQDs (bars=200 μm); (B), (D) Fluorescence micro images of meristem zone and elongation zone (B), and root hair zone (D) of primary roots under N-GQDs treatment for 3 days (bars=200 μm), the N-GQDs presented red fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope; (E), (F) Confocal images of vascular bundles in the root hair zone under N-GQDs treatment for 3 days (bars=30 μm)

图6 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs)处理影响拟南芥幼苗主根的生长方向 (A) 不同浓度N-GQDs处理3天后拟南芥主根表型(bar=1 cm); (B) 光学显微镜下观察主根的生长方向(bars=500 μm); (C) 主根长度统计; (D) 主根弯曲角度统计。数据为3次重复的平均值±标准差(n=30)。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

Figure 6 Effects of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) on growth direction of primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana (A) Primary root phenotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana under different concentrations of N-GQDs for 3 days (bar=1 cm); (B) The growth direction of primary roots under optical microscope (bars=500 μm); (C) Statistical analysis of primary roots length; (D) Statistical analysis of primary roots bending angles. The values are presented as means±SD of triplicate samples (n=30). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences (P<0.05).

图7 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs)降低拟南芥主根根尖淀粉粒的积累 (A) 不同浓度N-GQDs处理不同时间后染色观察拟南芥主根根尖淀粉粒含量变化(bars=50 μm); (B) 根尖淀粉粒含量统计分析。数据为3次重复的平均值±标准差(n=15)。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

Figure 7 Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) reduce the accumulation of starch grains in Arabidopsis thaliana primary root tips (A) Changes of starch grains content in A. thaliana primary root tips by staining with different concentrations of N-GQDs treatment for different time (bars=50 μm); (B) Statistical analysis of starch grains amount in primary root tips. The values are presented as means±SD of triplicate samples (n=15). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences (P<0.05).

图8 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs)干扰拟南芥根尖生长素的分布 (A) N-GQDs处理不同时间后染色观察主根两侧GUS活性, 左侧的红色箭头均表示靠近培养基一侧(bars=50 μm); (B) 主根左右两侧GUS活性比值统计分析; 左侧对应于(A)中靠近培养基的一侧, 右侧对应于(A)中远离培养基的一侧。数据为3次重复的平均值±标准差(n=15)。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

Figure 8 Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) disrupt the auxin distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana root tips (A) The GUS activity on both sides of the primary roots were observed by staining after N-GQDs treatment for different time, the red arrow at the left side represents the side close to the culture medium (bars=50 μm); (B) Statistical analysis of GUS activity ratio at the left and right sides of primary roots; the left side corresponds to one side in (A) close to the culture medium while the right side corresponds to the side in (A) distant from the culture medium. The values are presented as means±SD of triplicate samples (n=15). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences (P<0.05).

图9 氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs)干扰拟南芥主根PIN3的丰度和分布 (A) N-GQDs处理不同时间后主根中PIN3-GFP的荧光信号(bars=50 μm); (B) 主根中PIN3-GFP荧光强度定量分析; (C) 小柱细胞中PIN3的分布(bars=20 μm)。图中红色箭头表示靠近培养基一侧。白色箭头表示PIN3的偏振方向。数据为3次重复的平均值±标准差(n=15)。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

Figure 9 Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) disrupt the abundance and distribution of PIN3 in Arabidopsis thaliana primary roots (A) GFP fluorescence of PIN3-GFP in the primary roots after N-GQDs treatment for different time (bars=50 μm); (B) Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity of PIN3-GFP in the primary roots; (C) Distribution of PIN3 in columnar cells (bars=20 μm). The red arrows represent the side close to the culture medium. The white arrows in the columnar cells indicate the polarization directions of PIN3. The values are presented as means±SD of triplicate samples (n=15). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences (P<0.05).

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氮掺杂石墨烯量子点对拟南芥主根生长方向的影响

Effect of Nitrogen-doped Graphene Quantum Dots on Growth Direction of Primary Root in Arabidopsis thaliana

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