Research Progress of the Function of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Seed Dormancy Release and Germination

doi:10.11983/CBB24184

Abstract

Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the regulation of seed dormancy release and germination. Low levels of ROS can promote seed germination, while excessively high levels of ROS can reduce seed vigor and germination rate. Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is an important agronomic trait that can cause severe decrease of crop yield and grain quality. Pre-harvest sprouting and seed dormancy are two manifestations of the same trait. Therefore, studying the dual role of ROS in seed dormancy and germination can reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying pre-harvest sprouting. For this purpose, this paper summarized the subcellular locations and metabolic pathways of ROS production during seed germination, focusing on the interaction of ROS with biomacromolecules, plant hormones and other small molecules and the signaling pathways of ROS functionalization. This review provides a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms of ROS in the process of crop pre-harvest sprouting.

Key words: reactive oxygen species, plant hormones, germination, dormancy, signal transduction

Jie Zhao, Jing Li, Yuxin Li, Yi Huang, Jie Yang, Xia Li. Research Progress of the Function of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Seed Dormancy Release and Germination[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2025, 60(6): 978-992.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB24184

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2025/V60/I6/978

Figures/Tables 3

Figure 1 Models of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production at the organ and cellular levels in plants At the organ level, at the beginning of imbibition, the meristem of the radicle senses the environmental germination signal, and the signal is transmitted along the plumular axis down to the hypocotyl region, then finally causes the cell elongation in the hypocotyl. At the cellular level, mitochondria, NADPH oxidase, exosomes, and peroxisomes all produce ROS in their own ways, localized first in the cytoplasm, then in the nucleus, and finally in the cell wall, activating gibberellic acid (GA) signaling and inhibiting abscisic acid (ABA) signaling for plant seed germination. CAT: Catalase; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; POD: Peroxidase. The arrows and bars represent positive and negative effects, respectively.

Figure 2 The oxidative window model in reactive oxygen species (ROS) A seed can germinate only when the level of ROS in the seed is maintained within a certain range, i.e. within the oxidative window. Below the lower limit of the oxidative window, i.e. in dormant seeds, the low ROS content during imbibition leads to seed germination failure. Dormancy release leads to an increase in ROS content during imbibition, thereby enabling seed germination. However, above the upper limit of the oxidative window, due to seed aging or being placed in unfavorable environmental conditions during imbibition, high ROS content occurs, at which point ROS becomes toxic, thereby inhibiting or delaying germination.

Figure 3 Interaction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with biomacromolecules, plant hormones and other small molecules in regulation of seed dormancy and germination In the transition from dormant seeds to germinating seeds, ROS promote dormancy release by promoting mRNA oxidation, protein oxidation and carbonylation, and interactions with polysaccharides. Additionally, other small molecules such as NO and H2S also regulate seed transition from dormancy to germination through interactions with plant hormones. ROS mainly regulate the balance of plant hormone networks by increasing the levels of gibberellic acid (GA) and ethylene (ETH), while decreasing the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The mechanisms of jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and brassinosteroid (BR) interacting with ROS in the seed germination process still need further research. The arrows and bars represent positive and negative effects, respectively, while the dashed lines represent hypothetical effects.

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