Mechanism on Drought Tolerance Enhanced by Exogenous Trehalose in C4-PEPC Rice

doi:10.11983/CBB20168

Abstract

Abstract: In order to reveal the mechanism of trehalose (Tre) involved in the drought tolerance of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) (PC) expressing the C₄-PEPC gene of maize (Zea mays), we analyzed the physiological and biochemistry characteristics of PC and wild-type rice (WT) treated hydroponically with Tre and 12% (m/v) PEG alone or in combination. The results showed that Tre treatment promoted the growth of PC and WT seedlings, and alleviated the inhibition of plant growth caused by drought stress (DS), with the effect being more significant for PC. Compared with DS treatment, Tre+DS treatment maintained functional leaves a higher relative water content, photochemical efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activity. Under DS, compared with WT, PC showed significant increase in the content of Tre and sucrose and decrease in the content of glucose, and up-regulated expression of genes associated with Tre metabolism and SnRK1s after Tre application. Tre application also improved PC the ABA synthesis, and expression of genes related to signal transduction and drought response, and maintained PC a relatively stable photosynthetic capacity, thus possibly conferring stronger drought tolerance of PC.

Key words: C₄-type PEPC transgenic rice, drought stress, phosphate phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, trehalose, rice (Oryza sativa)

Jiaxin Li, Xia Li, Yinfeng Xie. Mechanism on Drought Tolerance Enhanced by Exogenous Trehalose in C₄-PEPC Rice[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2021, 56(3): 296-314.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB20168

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2021/V56/I3/296

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 Genes and primers for qRT-PCR

Gene	Forward primer (5′-3′)	Reverse primer (5′-3′)
Act	CCCTCTTTCATCGGTATGGA	TTGATCTTCATGCTGCTTGG
OsTPP1	CAAATGGATTTGAGCAATAGC	TCACACTGAGTGCTTCTTCCA
OsTPP2	ATGGATTTGAAGACAAGCAAC	TTAAGTGGATTCCTCCTTCCA
OsTPP3	ATGACGAACCACGCCGGC	CTACTTGCCAATCAGCCCTTT
OsTPP7	CCTTCATGAGCGAGACGATG	TCACGAACTCGAACACCTTG
OsTre1	TTGGTACCCCTTACTCCGGCCGATTCA	AAGAGCTCCTGCCTAGCCTAGCCACAT
OsTPS1	AGTTATTATCTGGAAGGAGC	TCAAGAACCTCCTGAATGCC
OsTPS2	ACAAAGATGGGATGAAAGTG	CAGGATTCACAAACAGATTC
OsTPS8	TGAAGAGATAAAATGGCGTG	GAAAAGGTGAATGAATCTGC
OsSnR1a	AACCAGAGGTAACAGGCAGG	CATCTGTCAAGGAATGCAGG
OsSnRK24	CGTGTTGGCTTCAGTGAAT	CCTTCTCTATCTAAGGGCCG
OsSAPK8	ATAGATGATAATGTCCAGCGTGAG	GTTCCTACAGTGGATTTTGGTTG
OsSAPK9	CACAGCAACGCCGTCTCC	CACACTTCCACCGCTACCAA
OsSAPK10	TGCTGATGTGTGGTCGTGTG	TGCTGGTATGGTCGCCTCT
OsABA8ox2	CTACTGCTGATGGTGGCTGA	CCCATGGCCTTTGCTTTAT
OsABA8ox3	AGTACAGCCCATTCCCTGTG	ACGCCTAATCAAACCATTGC
OsNCED3	CCCCTCCCAAACCATCCAAACCGA	TGTGAGCATATCCTGGCGTCGTGA
OsNCED4	TCCATCTCCTTCTCCCTCCTCCCA	CCTCGCACCCTGCTTGATCTTGCC
OsbZIP23	CTCTGATCCCTCGTTGCGTTA	CAACACCCCAGCACCAAACT
OsMYB2	GGGCTGAAACGCACAGGCAAGA	GGGCTGAAACGCACAGGCAAGA
OsRab16b	CAACAACCACCAGCAGCA	GATCTTGTCCATGAATCCC
OsRab21	AGCAGCAGCATGCCATG	TGGTGCCGGTGGTCAT
OsLEA3	TTCCCACCAGGACCAGGCTA	GTCGCCTCCTTGGTATCCT
OsNAC6	CGCTGTACGAGAAGGAG	ACTCGTGCATGATCCAGTTG
C₄-PEPC	GTACCGCGAGTGGCCCGAGG	CGTCCATGAGCTTGCGCCAC
Osppc2a	CAGCTACTCATGCTTAACGC	GCACAGACTACAGCCTGTAC

Figure 1 Trehalose treatments alleviate the growth inhibition of rice under drought stress Plant phenotype (A), plant height (B), stem diameter (C), fresh weight (D) and dry weight (E) after 6 days of simulated drought treatment. CK: Irrigation; CK+Tre: Irrigation and 0.5 mmol?L-1 trehalose; DS: Simulated drought stress; DS+Tre: Simulated drought stress and 0.5 mmol?L-1 trehalose. Values represent means±SD (n=9) from three biological replicates. Bars labeled with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05) (Student-Neuman-Keuls). Bars=1 cm

Figure 2 Trehalose treatments increase PEPC transcription and translation in rice leaves under drought stress C4-PEPC expression (A), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity (B) and Osppc2a expression (C) after 2 hours of simulated drought treatment. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1. Values represent means±SD (n=6) from three biological replicates. Bars labeled with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05) (Student-Neuman-Keuls).

Table 2 Trehalose treatments regulate the oxidative damage of rice leaves under drought stress

Index	WT				PC
Index	CK	CK+Tre	DS	DS+Tre	CK	CK+Tre	DS	DS+Tre
RWC (%)	91.09 b	92.02 ab	78.05 e	89.21 c	89.68 c	88.30 c	80.81 d	93.00 a
MDA (nmol·mg^-1 prot)	2.26 d	2.22 d	3.39 a	2.52 c	2.40 c	2.18 c	3.03 b	1.89 e
H₂O₂ (μmol·g^-1 FW)	6.87 f	24.84 a	14.59 c	5.09 g	8.01 e	21.68 b	11.96 d	3.63 h
SOD (U·mg^-1 prot)	1087.99 d	1063.79 e	1101.66 c	1126.52 b	1083.80 d	1059.65 e	1102.99 c	1140.24 a
CAT (U·mg^-1 prot)	15.74 e	16.99 c	16.63 d	16.65 d	13.51 f	18.39 a	16.25 d	17.74 b
GR (nmol·g^-1 prot)	1.49 e	2.46 c	2.17 d	0.96 g	1.22 f	3.26 b	3.69 a	2.00 d
APX (U·g^-1 FW)	5.26 c	6.55 b	6.59 b	10.14 a	2.70 f	4.33 d	2.32 g	3.74 e

Figure 3 Trehalose treatment maintain the photosynthetic performance of rice leaves under drought stress Fv/Fm (A), Fv′/Fm′ (B), ΦPSII (C), qP (D) and NPQ (E) of PC and WT after 2 hours of simulated drought treatment. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1. Values represent means±SD (n=6) from three biological replicates. Bars labeled with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05) (Student-Neuman-Keuls).

Table 3 Trehalose treatments change the accumulation and distribution of soluble sugars in rice leaves under drought stress

Index (mg·g^-1FW)	WT				PC
Index (mg·g^-1FW)	CK	CK+Tre	DS	DS+Tre	CK	CK+Tre	DS	DS+Tre
Soluble sugar content	16.10 e	16.50 e	29.01 c	34.32 b	14.97 f	19.01 d	35.31 b	41.57 a
Sucrose content	9.40 e	10.78 d	10.34 d	12.36 b	8.51 f	11.18 c	11.61 c	13.81 a
Fructose content	4.01 d	4.09 d	4.95 c	5.81 b	3.86 e	3.88 e	5.49 b	7.66 a
Glucose content	1.64 b	1.28 c	2.35 a	1.62 b	0.88 d	0.78 e	1.32 c	0.91 d
Trehalose content	8.22 f	9.46 e	10.84 d	13.60 b	8.55 f	10.40 d	11.23 c	15.80 a

Figure 4 Trehalose treatments affect the expression of trehalose, SnRKs and ABA-related genes in rice leaves under drought stress (A) The expression of trehalose biosynthesis and metabolism related genes; (B) The expression of SnRKSs-related genes; (C) The expression of ABA metabolism-related genes. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1. The heat map shows the log-transformed normalized values of relative gene expression, and the significance analysis showed the difference between relative gene expressions (Appendix Table 1). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05) (Student-Neuman-Keuls).

Figure 5 Trehalose treatments affect the content of signal molecules and the activity of related enzymes in rice leaves under drought stress (A) Ca2+ content; (B) NO content; (C) Nitate reductase (NR) activity; (D) Hexokinase (HXK) activity. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1. Values represent means±SD (n=6) from three biological replicates. Bars labeled with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05) (Student-Neuman-Keuls).

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Mechanism on Drought Tolerance Enhanced by Exogenous Trehalose in C₄-PEPC Rice

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