Morphology and Genetic Diversity of Phragmites australis in Beijing

doi:10.11983/CBB20006

Abstract

Abstract: To understand the distribution and diversity of Phragmites australis in Beijing, we carried out field investigation to Beijing’s major rivers, wetlands and reservoirs, which reveals that the total area of reed populations has reached more than 600 hm ² in Beijing. The ploidy level is dominated by octaploid, followed by tetraploid. In larger wetlands, the single community of octoploid occupies a dominant position; while in shallow urban rivers, the mixed populations with different morphological, ploidy and genetic diversity are common. There is no significant correlation between the plant traits and ploidy level variation. Six different reed clones were found in Xiaoqing River, all belonging to P haplotypes. The haploid genome size of all clones ranged from (0.499±0.019) pg, with a coefficient of variation of 3.8%. These results show that there is no correlation between phenotype and haplotype. In addition, a reed variant with versicolor leaf characteristics was discovered and named as Phragmites australis var. australis f. Goldstripe. The morphology and genetic diversity of Phragmites in Beijing provide valuable resources for future study of the relationship between reed genotypes and environmental adaptability.

Key words: ploidy level, haplotype, Phragmites australis, polymorphism, variant

Xi Zhang, Tianhang Qiu, Anan Wang, Huajian Zhou, Min Yuan, Li Li, Sulan Bai, Suxia Cui. Morphology and Genetic Diversity of Phragmites australis in Beijing[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2020, 55(6): 693-704.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB20006

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2020/V55/I6/693

Figures/Tables 6

References 30

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Water system	Distribution location			Distribution description	Area (hm²)	Proportion (%)	Ploidy level		Origin
Yongding River System					304.11	47.16
Y01	Weishui River			Distributed at both sides of the west of the Weishui River Tunnel passes th- rough the World Horticultural, exposition to Yankang Road	5.14	0.80	NA		115.95°E, 40.45°N
Y02	Guanting Reservoir (in Beijing)			Scattered along the bank about 15 km west of the Guanting Bridge	0.21	0.03	8x/4x		115.87°E, 40.44°N
Y03	Wild Duck Lake National Wetland Park			Distributed in patches in the core area, buffer zone, and test area	257.40	39.92	8x		115.86°E, 40.41°N
Water system	Distribution location		Distribution description		Area (hm²)	Proportion (%)	Ploidy level	Origin
Y04	Shanxia Section of Yongding River		Distributed along the river bank		8.31	1.29	NA	116.09°E, 39.99°N
Y05	Sanjiadian Rush Wetland Park		Distributed in patches		4.60	0.71	8x	116.10°E, 39.97°N
Y06	Lianshi Lake Park		Distributed along both banks of the river		2.12	0.33	8x	116.15°E, 39.90°N
Y07	Yuanbo Lake Wetland		Distributed in patches		16.30	2.53	NA	116.21°E, 39.87°N
Y08	Ludi Park		Distributed in patches along the coast		9.71	1.51	NA	116.22°E, 39.84°N
Y09	Niantan Park		Distributed around the shore of a lake in the park		0.32	0.05	NA	116.31°E, 39.71°N
Daqing River System					58.63	9.09
D01	Chongqing Reservoir		Distributed in patches in the southwest corner of the reservoir		13.17	2.04	NA	116.08°E, 39.79°N
D02	Jiuzi River		Distributed in the upper reaches of Xiaoqing River		5.42	0.84	8x	116.19°E, 39.75°N
D03	Xiaoqing River		Distributed in patches along the river from the south of Shuisi Road to the junction of Hedgehog River		20.02	3.10	8x/4x	116.20°E, 39.72°N
D04	Dashi River		Distributed along the north and south rivers of Jingzhou Road		16.41	2.54	NA	116.03°E, 39.70°N
D05	Juma River		Sporadic distribution from Shidu to Yesanpo		0.31	0.05	8x	115.51°E, 39.66°N
D06	Beijuma River		Distributed in patches at the Beijing border of the North Juma River Estuary		3.30	0.51	NA	115.76°E, 39.53°N
Chaobai River System					196.83	30.52
C01	Qinglong Gorge		Sporadically distributed from the upper reaches of Qinglong Gorge to Baiquan Mountain		0.06	0.01	4x	116.66°E, 40.48°N
C02	Yanqi Lake		Artificial reed landscape at the northwest corner of the lake		0.83	0.13	8x	116.60°E, 40.40°N
C03	Chao River		Distributed in patches about 7 km along the river near Miyun Service Area of Dachang Expressway		38.23	5.93	8x/4x	116.94°E, 40.40°N
C04	The estuary of Chaobai River		Upper reaches of Chao River and Bai River cross estuary		7.08	1.10	8x	116.83°E, 40.35°N
C05	Huai River		About 4.5 km from Huairou Reservoir to Yanqi River junction		10.83	1.68	8x	116.63°E, 40.31°N
C06	Chaobai River Bridge		Piled up along the bank of Fuxing Bridge/Fengbo Bridge/Chaobai River Bridge in Shunping Road		18.94	2.94	NA	116.69°E, 40.12°N
C07	Hanshiqiao Wetland Park		Distributed in pieces of the core area, buffer zone and recovery area		83.95	13.02	8x	116.80°E, 40.12°N
C08	Binhe Forest Park		Distributed along the north and south banks of Chaobai River		36.91	5.72	NA	116.72°E, 40.11°N
North Canal Water System					82.91	12.86
B01	Lily Reservoir		Distributed in upstream area of the reservoir		0.05	0.01	8x	116.38°E, 40.32°N
B02	Taoyukou Reservoir		Distributed in periphery and upstream areas of the east and west sides of the reservoir		9.46	1.47	8x	116.45°E, 40.24°N
B03	Wenyu River		Scattered along the middle and upper banks of Wenyu River		0.21	0.03	NA	116.42°E, 40.15°N
B04	Shahezha Park		Distributed in patches in the west bank of the lake in the park		0.34	0.05	8x	116.31°E, 40.13°N
Water system	Distribution location	Distribution description			Area (hm²)	Proportion (%)	Ploidy level	Origin
B05	Cuihu Wetland Park	Uneven distribution on the wet land in protected areas and open areas			45.38	7.04	8x	116.19°E, 40.11°N
B06	Shangzhuang Reservoir	Evenly distributed along the bank of Shangzhuang Reservoir and scattered along the downstream bank			0.81	0.13	8x/4x	116.21°E, 40.11°N
B07	Nansha River	Discontinuous distribution in the 10 km section near Daoxiang Lake			8.29	1.29	8x	116.15°E, 40.10°N
B08	Olympic Forest Park	Distributed at the west side of Wetland in Southern District and the east side around the lake			5.04	0.78	8x/4x	116.39°E, 40.01°N
B09	Summer Palace	Mixed distribution of calamus on the shore near Zaojiantang site			0.12	0.02	NA	116.27°E, 39.99°N
B10	Grand Canal Forest Park	Distributed on the semi-arid coastal wetlands in popular reeds			6.51	1.01	NA	116.75°E, 39.87°N
B11	Nanhaizi Park	Distribution of small pieces of lakeshore in the park			6.70	1.04	8x/4x	116.47°E, 39.77°N
Jiyun River System					2.37	0.37
J01	Ju River and Ru River	Sporadically distributed at the confluence of the Ru River and the Ju River			2.03	0.31	NA	117.06°E, 40.11°N
J02	Jinji River	The junction of Jinji River and Yanghe River to the vicinity of Yingcheng Village			0.34	0.05	NA	117.02°E, 40.08°N

Water system	Distribution location			Distribution description	Area (hm²)	Proportion (%)	Ploidy level		Origin
Yongding River System					304.11	47.16
Y01	Weishui River			Distributed at both sides of the west of the Weishui River Tunnel passes th- rough the World Horticultural, exposition to Yankang Road	5.14	0.80	NA		115.95°E, 40.45°N
Y02	Guanting Reservoir (in Beijing)			Scattered along the bank about 15 km west of the Guanting Bridge	0.21	0.03	8x/4x		115.87°E, 40.44°N
Y03	Wild Duck Lake National Wetland Park			Distributed in patches in the core area, buffer zone, and test area	257.40	39.92	8x		115.86°E, 40.41°N
Water system	Distribution location		Distribution description		Area (hm²)	Proportion (%)	Ploidy level	Origin
Y04	Shanxia Section of Yongding River		Distributed along the river bank		8.31	1.29	NA	116.09°E, 39.99°N
Y05	Sanjiadian Rush Wetland Park		Distributed in patches		4.60	0.71	8x	116.10°E, 39.97°N
Y06	Lianshi Lake Park		Distributed along both banks of the river		2.12	0.33	8x	116.15°E, 39.90°N
Y07	Yuanbo Lake Wetland		Distributed in patches		16.30	2.53	NA	116.21°E, 39.87°N
Y08	Ludi Park		Distributed in patches along the coast		9.71	1.51	NA	116.22°E, 39.84°N
Y09	Niantan Park		Distributed around the shore of a lake in the park		0.32	0.05	NA	116.31°E, 39.71°N
Daqing River System					58.63	9.09
D01	Chongqing Reservoir		Distributed in patches in the southwest corner of the reservoir		13.17	2.04	NA	116.08°E, 39.79°N
D02	Jiuzi River		Distributed in the upper reaches of Xiaoqing River		5.42	0.84	8x	116.19°E, 39.75°N
D03	Xiaoqing River		Distributed in patches along the river from the south of Shuisi Road to the junction of Hedgehog River		20.02	3.10	8x/4x	116.20°E, 39.72°N
D04	Dashi River		Distributed along the north and south rivers of Jingzhou Road		16.41	2.54	NA	116.03°E, 39.70°N
D05	Juma River		Sporadic distribution from Shidu to Yesanpo		0.31	0.05	8x	115.51°E, 39.66°N
D06	Beijuma River		Distributed in patches at the Beijing border of the North Juma River Estuary		3.30	0.51	NA	115.76°E, 39.53°N
Chaobai River System					196.83	30.52
C01	Qinglong Gorge		Sporadically distributed from the upper reaches of Qinglong Gorge to Baiquan Mountain		0.06	0.01	4x	116.66°E, 40.48°N
C02	Yanqi Lake		Artificial reed landscape at the northwest corner of the lake		0.83	0.13	8x	116.60°E, 40.40°N
C03	Chao River		Distributed in patches about 7 km along the river near Miyun Service Area of Dachang Expressway		38.23	5.93	8x/4x	116.94°E, 40.40°N
C04	The estuary of Chaobai River		Upper reaches of Chao River and Bai River cross estuary		7.08	1.10	8x	116.83°E, 40.35°N
C05	Huai River		About 4.5 km from Huairou Reservoir to Yanqi River junction		10.83	1.68	8x	116.63°E, 40.31°N
C06	Chaobai River Bridge		Piled up along the bank of Fuxing Bridge/Fengbo Bridge/Chaobai River Bridge in Shunping Road		18.94	2.94	NA	116.69°E, 40.12°N
C07	Hanshiqiao Wetland Park		Distributed in pieces of the core area, buffer zone and recovery area		83.95	13.02	8x	116.80°E, 40.12°N
C08	Binhe Forest Park		Distributed along the north and south banks of Chaobai River		36.91	5.72	NA	116.72°E, 40.11°N
North Canal Water System					82.91	12.86
B01	Lily Reservoir		Distributed in upstream area of the reservoir		0.05	0.01	8x	116.38°E, 40.32°N
B02	Taoyukou Reservoir		Distributed in periphery and upstream areas of the east and west sides of the reservoir		9.46	1.47	8x	116.45°E, 40.24°N
B03	Wenyu River		Scattered along the middle and upper banks of Wenyu River		0.21	0.03	NA	116.42°E, 40.15°N
B04	Shahezha Park		Distributed in patches in the west bank of the lake in the park		0.34	0.05	8x	116.31°E, 40.13°N
Water system	Distribution location	Distribution description			Area (hm²)	Proportion (%)	Ploidy level	Origin
B05	Cuihu Wetland Park	Uneven distribution on the wet land in protected areas and open areas			45.38	7.04	8x	116.19°E, 40.11°N
B06	Shangzhuang Reservoir	Evenly distributed along the bank of Shangzhuang Reservoir and scattered along the downstream bank			0.81	0.13	8x/4x	116.21°E, 40.11°N
B07	Nansha River	Discontinuous distribution in the 10 km section near Daoxiang Lake			8.29	1.29	8x	116.15°E, 40.10°N
B08	Olympic Forest Park	Distributed at the west side of Wetland in Southern District and the east side around the lake			5.04	0.78	8x/4x	116.39°E, 40.01°N
B09	Summer Palace	Mixed distribution of calamus on the shore near Zaojiantang site			0.12	0.02	NA	116.27°E, 39.99°N
B10	Grand Canal Forest Park	Distributed on the semi-arid coastal wetlands in popular reeds			6.51	1.01	NA	116.75°E, 39.87°N
B11	Nanhaizi Park	Distribution of small pieces of lakeshore in the park			6.70	1.04	8x/4x	116.47°E, 39.77°N
Jiyun River System					2.37	0.37
J01	Ju River and Ru River	Sporadically distributed at the confluence of the Ru River and the Ju River			2.03	0.31	NA	117.06°E, 40.11°N
J02	Jinji River	The junction of Jinji River and Yanghe River to the vicinity of Yingcheng Village			0.34	0.05	NA	117.02°E, 40.08°N

Phenotype	Mean	Maximum	Minimum	Standard deviation	Variation coefficient (%)
Height (m)	2.74	4.25	1.34	0.75	27.48
Diameter (mm)	9.02	15.93	3.56	2.77	30.76
Inflorescences length (cm)	24.21	36.20	10.40	5.77	23.85
Inflorescences width (cm)	5.92	17.08	1.39	3.70	62.55
Length of flag leaf (cm)	31.57	53.10	15.40	7.06	22.37
Width of flag leaf (cm)	1.46	2.51	0.51	0.46	31.31
Length of the sixth leaf (cm)	39.41	62.30	15.30	14.19	36.02
Width of the sixth leaf (cm)	2.82	4.98	1.31	0.86	30.63

Phenotype	Mean	Maximum	Minimum	Standard deviation	Variation coefficient (%)
Height (m)	2.74	4.25	1.34	0.75	27.48
Diameter (mm)	9.02	15.93	3.56	2.77	30.76
Inflorescences length (cm)	24.21	36.20	10.40	5.77	23.85
Inflorescences width (cm)	5.92	17.08	1.39	3.70	62.55
Length of flag leaf (cm)	31.57	53.10	15.40	7.06	22.37
Width of flag leaf (cm)	1.46	2.51	0.51	0.46	31.31
Length of the sixth leaf (cm)	39.41	62.30	15.30	14.19	36.02
Width of the sixth leaf (cm)	2.82	4.98	1.31	0.86	30.63

Sample	Height (m)	Diameter (mm)	Seed setting rate (%)	Flowering time
Common reed	3.6±0.2	8.70±0.80	16.8±7.1	Mid-August
Goldstripe reed	2.8±0.2	7.42±0.75	0.6±0.2	Early September