Abstract: Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), is a significant quarantine disease. The pathogen exhibits both high genetic diversity and strong transmission capabilities. Driven by agricultural intensification and global warming, BLS has been progressively expanding across major indica rice-producing regions in southern China. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in Xoc-rice interaction mechanisms: 1) Pathogen perspective: Elucidating pathogenic mechanisms of virulence factors (including T2SS, T3SS, and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)) and pathovar differentiation patterns; 2) Host perspective: Clarifying advances in PTI/ETI-mediated immunity signaling pathways, R gene cloning, and S gene editing; 3) Future directions: Proposing multi-omics approaches to decode Xoc pathogenicity networks, leveraging pan-genomics for large-scale mining of durable and broad-spectrum R genes, and constructing synergistic systems integrating S gene editing with immune activation to establish systematic solutions for sustainable BLS management.

Key words: bacterial leaf streak, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, pathogenic mechanism, innate immunity, resistance/susceptibility genes