Nitrogen Utilization Mechanism in C3 and C4 Plants

doi:10.11983/CBB19113

Abstract

Abstract: Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of plants is not only an important approach to ensure global food security, but also to achieve sustainable agricultural development. In the past half century, great progress has been made in the study of nitrogen utilization mechanism, but the regulatory mechanism of NUE is not clear and the improvement of NUE is still extremely limited. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and nitrogen assimilation are integrated in a plant, and only by coordinating carbon and nitrogen metabolism can the carbon/nitrogen balance be maintained and the normal growth and development of plants be regulated. Due to the differences in the photosynthetic nitrogen utilization rate (PNUE) between C₃ and C₄ plants, there will also be differences in the utilization efficiency of nitrogen. In order to improve crop NUE, it is necessary to understand the functions and regulatory mechanisms of key factors involved in nitrogen absorption, transport, assimilation and signal transduction of C₃ and C₄ plants. In addition, studies on carbon and nitrogen assimilation and their mechanisms under the conditions of increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration and global warming should not be ignored. This paper reviews the differences of key factors on nitrogen use between C₃ and C₄ plants and the regulatory mechanisms, and proposes possible ways to improve NUE of C₃ crops by using genetic approaches.

Key words: photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen use efficiency, regulatory mechanisms, genetic improvement

Lu Zhang,Xinhua He. Nitrogen Utilization Mechanism in C₃ and C₄ Plants[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2020, 55(2): 228-239.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB19113

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2020/V55/I2/228

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References 99

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处理	实验结果	参考文献
不同外源NO₃^-水平下NO₃^-吸收累积(0、1、5和20 mmol∙L^-1 KNO₃)	NO₃^-的吸收、叶片中NO₃^-的累积均为C₃大麦>C₄玉米更有效地吸收利用NO₃^-, C₄玉米>C₃大麦	Oaks, 1994; 何新华等, 1995
不同外源NO₃^-水平下的NRA (1、5和20 mmol∙L^-1 KNO₃)	1 mmol∙L^-1 KNO₃下的NRA: C₄玉米>C₃大麦 5和20 mmol∙L^-1 KNO₃下的NRA: C₃大麦>C₄玉米光照下NRA效率, C₄玉米>C₃大麦	Oaks, 1994
不同外源NO₃^-水平下NO₃^-吸收和还原(0.5和5.0 mmol∙L^-1 NaNO₃)	C₄植物狗牙草, C₃植物早熟禾、黑麦草和牛尾草 0.5 mmol∙L^-1和5.0 mmol∙L^-1 NaNO₃下NRA: C₃植物>C₄植物 0.5 mmol∙L^-1NaNO₃下NRA在根中比例: C₄植物(62%)>C₃植物(平均16%) 0.5 mmol∙L^-1 NaNO₃下根占鲜重比例: C₄植物(36%)>C₃植物(平均27%)	Jiang et al., 2002
不同氮源联合作用(2 mmol∙L^-1 NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和NH₄NO₃, 320 mg∙L^-1NH₃)	不同氮源对NUE的影响: C₃小麦NH₄NO₃>NO₃^->NH₄⁺, C₄玉米NO₃^-> NH₄NO₃>NH₄⁺; NH₃处理使小麦和玉米的NUE在不同氮源下均降低, 下降幅度为C₃小麦(51%-61%)>C₄玉米(31%-37%)	Yin and Raven, 1997, 1998
不同光照和外源蔗糖下NO₃^-吸收	C₃大麦在光照下NO₃^-吸收比C₄玉米高55%, 黑暗时比C₄玉米高91%; 光照下1%外源蔗糖使作物对NO₃^-的吸收增加: C₄玉米(70%)>C₃大麦 (31%), 黑暗中大麦和玉米均相应增加了38%	Sehtiya and Goyal, 2000
光下有无DCMU的NO₃^-还原	无DCMU时正常叶片NRE: C₄玉米(93%)>C₃大麦(60%) 有DCMU时正常叶片NRE: C₄玉米(93%)>C₃大麦(40%) 有DCMU时营养耗竭叶片NRE: C₄玉米(58%)>C₃大麦(0%) 无DCMU时叶片NRA: C₃大麦>C₄玉米有DCMU时叶片NRA: 玉米较无DCMU时增加3倍, 对大麦无影响	Basra et al., 2002
¹⁵N示踪量化根系对氮素的相对吸收利用(0和1.5 mmol∙L^-1 NH₄NO₃)	生长叶的碳汇强度: C₄大黍>C₃早熟禾对氮素的再利用能力: C₄大黍>C₃早熟禾氮素相对吸收量: 分蘖和新叶(早熟禾>大黍); 根(大黍>早熟禾)	Santos et al., 2002
O₃^-代谢及表达调控差异	Eleocharis baldwinii两栖类水草(水生环境为C₃模式, 陆生环境为C₄模式) C₄植物中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和2-酮戊二酸/苹果酸转运子上调表达	陈太钰, 2012

处理	实验结果	参考文献
不同外源NO₃^-水平下NO₃^-吸收累积(0、1、5和20 mmol∙L^-1 KNO₃)	NO₃^-的吸收、叶片中NO₃^-的累积均为C₃大麦>C₄玉米更有效地吸收利用NO₃^-, C₄玉米>C₃大麦	Oaks, 1994; 何新华等, 1995
不同外源NO₃^-水平下的NRA (1、5和20 mmol∙L^-1 KNO₃)	1 mmol∙L^-1 KNO₃下的NRA: C₄玉米>C₃大麦 5和20 mmol∙L^-1 KNO₃下的NRA: C₃大麦>C₄玉米光照下NRA效率, C₄玉米>C₃大麦	Oaks, 1994
不同外源NO₃^-水平下NO₃^-吸收和还原(0.5和5.0 mmol∙L^-1 NaNO₃)	C₄植物狗牙草, C₃植物早熟禾、黑麦草和牛尾草 0.5 mmol∙L^-1和5.0 mmol∙L^-1 NaNO₃下NRA: C₃植物>C₄植物 0.5 mmol∙L^-1NaNO₃下NRA在根中比例: C₄植物(62%)>C₃植物(平均16%) 0.5 mmol∙L^-1 NaNO₃下根占鲜重比例: C₄植物(36%)>C₃植物(平均27%)	Jiang et al., 2002
不同氮源联合作用(2 mmol∙L^-1 NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和NH₄NO₃, 320 mg∙L^-1NH₃)	不同氮源对NUE的影响: C₃小麦NH₄NO₃>NO₃^->NH₄⁺, C₄玉米NO₃^-> NH₄NO₃>NH₄⁺; NH₃处理使小麦和玉米的NUE在不同氮源下均降低, 下降幅度为C₃小麦(51%-61%)>C₄玉米(31%-37%)	Yin and Raven, 1997, 1998
不同光照和外源蔗糖下NO₃^-吸收	C₃大麦在光照下NO₃^-吸收比C₄玉米高55%, 黑暗时比C₄玉米高91%; 光照下1%外源蔗糖使作物对NO₃^-的吸收增加: C₄玉米(70%)>C₃大麦 (31%), 黑暗中大麦和玉米均相应增加了38%	Sehtiya and Goyal, 2000
光下有无DCMU的NO₃^-还原	无DCMU时正常叶片NRE: C₄玉米(93%)>C₃大麦(60%) 有DCMU时正常叶片NRE: C₄玉米(93%)>C₃大麦(40%) 有DCMU时营养耗竭叶片NRE: C₄玉米(58%)>C₃大麦(0%) 无DCMU时叶片NRA: C₃大麦>C₄玉米有DCMU时叶片NRA: 玉米较无DCMU时增加3倍, 对大麦无影响	Basra et al., 2002
¹⁵N示踪量化根系对氮素的相对吸收利用(0和1.5 mmol∙L^-1 NH₄NO₃)	生长叶的碳汇强度: C₄大黍>C₃早熟禾对氮素的再利用能力: C₄大黍>C₃早熟禾氮素相对吸收量: 分蘖和新叶(早熟禾>大黍); 根(大黍>早熟禾)	Santos et al., 2002
O₃^-代谢及表达调控差异	Eleocharis baldwinii两栖类水草(水生环境为C₃模式, 陆生环境为C₄模式) C₄植物中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和2-酮戊二酸/苹果酸转运子上调表达	陈太钰, 2012

Nitrogen Utilization Mechanism in C₃ and C₄ Plants

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