植物抗冻蛋白研究进展

doi:10.11983/CBB22248

植物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (6): 966-981.DOI: 10.11983/CBB22248

植物抗冻蛋白研究进展

董小云¹^,², 魏家萍¹, 崔俊美¹, 武泽峰¹, 郑国强¹^,², 李辉¹^,², 王莹¹^,², 田海燕¹^,², 刘自刚¹^,²^,^*()

¹甘肃农业大学, 干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 兰州 730070
²甘肃农业大学农学院, 兰州 730070

收稿日期:2022-10-20 接受日期:2023-03-08 出版日期:2023-11-01 发布日期:2023-11-27
通讯作者: * E-mail: lzgworking@163.com
基金资助:
甘肃省科技重大专项(22ZD6NA009);国家自然科学基金(32360520);甘肃省重点人才项目(GSRC-2023-1-2);甘肃省自然科学基金(23JRRA1408);甘肃省教育厅产业支撑计划(2021CYZC-46);甘肃省教育厅2023年研究生创新之星(2023CXZX-647);中央引导地方科技专项(ZCYD2020-2-3)

Research Progress in Plant Antifreeze Protein

Xiaoyun Dong¹^,², Jiaping Wei¹, Junmei Cui¹, Zefeng Wu¹, Guoqiang Zheng¹^,², Hui Li¹^,², Ying Wang¹^,², Haiyan Tian¹^,², Zigang Liu¹^,²^,^*()

¹State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
²College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

Received:2022-10-20 Accepted:2023-03-08 Online:2023-11-01 Published:2023-11-27
Contact: * E-mail: lzgworking@163.com

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 温度是决定植物地理分布的主要环境因子之一, 分布于高纬度、高海拔地区的寒地植物, 在其生活史周期内通常会遭遇一段时期的零度以下低温。当环境温度降至冰点以下, 植物体内水分子趋向于形成冰晶体, 不断增大的冰晶对植物组织结构造成致命损伤。为适应冷冻环境, 寒地植物病程相关蛋白(PR)及相关的WRKY转录因子进化成为能与冰面特异吸附结合、高效抑制冰晶形成和生长的抗冻蛋白(AFPs)。目前, 已从冬黑麦(Secale cereale)等近百种植物中分离鉴定了AFPs。与昆虫AFPs相比, 植物AFPs具有极高的重结晶抑制活性, 可有效防止形成体内大冰晶。低温和病原菌均可诱导寒地植物合成AFP。有趣的是, 仅冷诱导合成的AFPs有水解酶/抗冻活性双重分子功能。然而, 越来越多的证据表明, PR-AFP仅具有水解酶/抗冻活性的其中一种, 其转化由翻译后肽差异折叠控制/调节。AFP因具有独特的分子功能与广阔的应用前景而逐渐成为植物学领域的研究热点。该文对近年来相关领域取得的研究进展进行系统综述。

关键词: 植物抗冻蛋白, 抗冻活性, 分子演化, 表达调控

Abstract: Temperature is one of the major environmental determinants of plant geographical distribution. Plants distri- buted at high latitudes or altitudes usually suffer a period of sub-zero temperature during their life cycle. When the ambient temperature drops to the freezing point, the water molecules in plants form ice crystals, causing fatal damage to plant tissue structure. In order to adapt to the freezing environment, the pathogenesis-related protein PR (PR) and its related WRKY transcription factors in cold climate plants have evolved into antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that can bind specifically to the ice surface and effectively inhibit the formation and growth of ice crystals. Currently, AFPs have been identified in nearly 100 plant species, such as winter rye (Secale cereale). Compared with insect AFPs, plant AFPs have extremely high recrystallization inhibition activity, which can effectively prevent the formation of large ice crystals in vivo. Both low temperature and pathogens can induce AFP synthesis in cold climate plants. Interestingly, only the cold-induced AFPs have dual molecular functions as hydrolase/antifreeze activity. The PR-AFPs, however, possess only one of hydrolase/antifreeze activites, whose conversion is controlled/regulated by post-translational peptide differential folding, as suggested with growing evidence. AFP has gradually become one of the hot targets in botanical research due to its unique molecular function and its promising applications. This paper will provide a systematic review of recent progress in this area.

Key words: plant antifreeze protein, antifreeze activity, molecular evolution, expression regulation

董小云, 魏家萍, 崔俊美, 武泽峰, 郑国强, 李辉, 王莹, 田海燕, 刘自刚. 植物抗冻蛋白研究进展. 植物学报, 2023, 58(6): 966-981.

Xiaoyun Dong, Jiaping Wei, Junmei Cui, Zefeng Wu, Guoqiang Zheng, Hui Li, Ying Wang, Haiyan Tian, Zigang Liu. Research Progress in Plant Antifreeze Protein. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2023, 58(6): 966-981.

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https://www.chinbullbotany.com/CN/Y2023/V58/I6/966

图/表 5

表1 不同植物中抗冻蛋白(AFPs)的性质

Table 1 Properties of different plant antifreeze proteins (AFPs)

物种名称	材料	AFPs的亚细胞定位	分子量 (kDa)	属性	同源蛋白	参考文献
欧白英 (Solanum dulcamara)	茎	细胞膜和细胞质	67	富含甘氨酸(23.7%), TH=-0.3°C, >30 mg?mL^-1, 高RI活性	WRKY转录因子	Duman, 1994
冬黑麦 (Secale cereale)	叶	质外体	15-38	0.1 mg?mL^-1, TH=0.03°C	几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和类甜蛋白	Hon et al., 1994, 1995
南极发草 (Deschampsia antarctica)	叶	质外体	29	富含亮氨酸	磺肽素受体激酶	John et al., 2009
白菜型冬油菜 (Brassica rapa)	叶	细胞质和细胞核	38	-	β-1,3-葡聚糖酶	Liu et al., 2019
胡萝卜 (Daucus carota)	根	质外体	36	1 mg?mL^-1时, TH=-0.35°C, 高RI活性	多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制剂蛋白	Worrall et al., 1998; Meyer et al., 1999
沙冬青 (Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)	叶	细胞质	40	热稳定蛋白, 糖基化, 20 mg?mL^-1时, TH=0.9°C	凝集素	费云标等, 1994; Yong et al., 2000
冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum)	叶	质外体	21.3	热稳定蛋白, 富含β-折叠和无规则卷曲	类甜蛋白	Chun et al., 1998; Kontogiorgo, 2007
黑麦草 (Lolium perenne)	叶	质外体	29	有RI活性	-	Sidebottom et al., 2000; Pudney et al., 2003
蓝叶云杉 (Picea pungens)	叶	质外体	27	0.4 mg?mL^-1时, TH=(2.02± 0.40)°C	几丁质酶	Jarzabek et al., 2009
无芒雀麦 (Bromus inermis)	细胞培养	分泌物和质外体	33	钙离子非依赖抗冻活性, 六角双锥体冰晶形态	I型几丁质酶	Nakamura et al., 2008
连翘 (Forsythia suspensa)	树皮和叶	细胞质	20	热稳定蛋白, 高RI活性 (6 μg?mL^-1)	与脱水蛋白同源	Simpson et al., 2005
蜡梅 (Chimonanthus praecox)	花冠	质外体	33	1.5 mg?mL^-1时, TH=0.52°C	I型几丁质酶	Zhang et al., 2011
沙棘 (Hippophae rhamnoides)	枝条	质外体	41	糖基化, 热不稳定蛋白, TH=0.19°C, 9倍RI	多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制剂蛋白	Gupta et al., 2012
萝卜 (Raphanus sativus)	块茎和叶	质外体	1.32	块茎: TH=(0.2±0.03)°C; 叶: TH=(0.18±0.02)°C	-	Kawahara et al., 2009
欧洲云杉 (Picea abies)	叶	质外体	27和70	0.4 mg?mL^-1时,TH=(2.19± 0.83)°C	几丁质酶	Sabala et al., 1996; Jarzabek et al., 2009
桃 (Prunus persica)	树皮	细胞质、细胞核和木质部薄壁细胞	60	热稳定蛋白, 28.3 μg?mL^-1时, TH=0.06°C	脱水蛋白	Wisniewski et al., 1999

表1 不同植物中抗冻蛋白(AFPs)的性质

Table 1 Properties of different plant antifreeze proteins (AFPs)

物种名称	材料	AFPs的亚细胞定位	分子量 (kDa)	属性	同源蛋白	参考文献
欧白英 (Solanum dulcamara)	茎	细胞膜和细胞质	67	富含甘氨酸(23.7%), TH=-0.3°C, >30 mg?mL^-1, 高RI活性	WRKY转录因子	Duman, 1994
冬黑麦 (Secale cereale)	叶	质外体	15-38	0.1 mg?mL^-1, TH=0.03°C	几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和类甜蛋白	Hon et al., 1994, 1995
南极发草 (Deschampsia antarctica)	叶	质外体	29	富含亮氨酸	磺肽素受体激酶	John et al., 2009
白菜型冬油菜 (Brassica rapa)	叶	细胞质和细胞核	38	-	β-1,3-葡聚糖酶	Liu et al., 2019
胡萝卜 (Daucus carota)	根	质外体	36	1 mg?mL^-1时, TH=-0.35°C, 高RI活性	多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制剂蛋白	Worrall et al., 1998; Meyer et al., 1999
沙冬青 (Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)	叶	细胞质	40	热稳定蛋白, 糖基化, 20 mg?mL^-1时, TH=0.9°C	凝集素	费云标等, 1994; Yong et al., 2000
冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum)	叶	质外体	21.3	热稳定蛋白, 富含β-折叠和无规则卷曲	类甜蛋白	Chun et al., 1998; Kontogiorgo, 2007
黑麦草 (Lolium perenne)	叶	质外体	29	有RI活性	-	Sidebottom et al., 2000; Pudney et al., 2003
蓝叶云杉 (Picea pungens)	叶	质外体	27	0.4 mg?mL^-1时, TH=(2.02± 0.40)°C	几丁质酶	Jarzabek et al., 2009
无芒雀麦 (Bromus inermis)	细胞培养	分泌物和质外体	33	钙离子非依赖抗冻活性, 六角双锥体冰晶形态	I型几丁质酶	Nakamura et al., 2008
连翘 (Forsythia suspensa)	树皮和叶	细胞质	20	热稳定蛋白, 高RI活性 (6 μg?mL^-1)	与脱水蛋白同源	Simpson et al., 2005
蜡梅 (Chimonanthus praecox)	花冠	质外体	33	1.5 mg?mL^-1时, TH=0.52°C	I型几丁质酶	Zhang et al., 2011
沙棘 (Hippophae rhamnoides)	枝条	质外体	41	糖基化, 热不稳定蛋白, TH=0.19°C, 9倍RI	多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制剂蛋白	Gupta et al., 2012
萝卜 (Raphanus sativus)	块茎和叶	质外体	1.32	块茎: TH=(0.2±0.03)°C; 叶: TH=(0.18±0.02)°C	-	Kawahara et al., 2009
欧洲云杉 (Picea abies)	叶	质外体	27和70	0.4 mg?mL^-1时,TH=(2.19± 0.83)°C	几丁质酶	Sabala et al., 1996; Jarzabek et al., 2009
桃 (Prunus persica)	树皮	细胞质、细胞核和木质部薄壁细胞	60	热稳定蛋白, 28.3 μg?mL^-1时, TH=0.06°C	脱水蛋白	Wisniewski et al., 1999

图1 白菜型冬油菜叶片质外体蛋白质粗提物冰晶形态修饰和重结晶抑制活性 (A) 低温处理幼苗叶片质外体粗提液在-7°C恒温50分钟后的冰晶生长情况(具有高重结晶抑制活性); (B) 常温处理幼苗叶片质外体粗提液在-7°C恒温50分钟后的冰晶生长情况; 图中有不规则冰晶体、尖长锥形冰晶体、近椭圆形冰晶体、梭形冰晶体和棒状冰晶体。Bars=10 μm

Figure 1 Ice crystal morphology modification and recrystallization inhibition activity of crude extracts of Brassica rapa leaf plastid exosome proteins (A) Growth of ice crystals after 50 min at -7°C in the crude extracts of plasmalemma exosomes from low temperature treated seedlings (with high recrystallization inhibition activity); (B) Growth of ice crystals after 50 min at -7°C in the crude extracts of plasmalemma exosomes from room temperature treated seedlings; The ice crystals in the figure are irregular ice crystals, pinted elongated conical ice crystals, subelliptical ice crystals, pike shaped ice crystals, and rod shaped ice crystals. Bars=10 μm

图2 几种植物抗冻蛋白(AFPs)的分子结构 (A) 黑麦草LpAFP (AJ277399.1); (B) 胡萝卜DcAFP (AF055480.1); (C) 欧白英I型内切几丁质-AFP (Q84LQ7); (D) 小麦类甜蛋白-AFP (AAM15877.1); (E) 白菜型冬油菜BrAFP1 (gi62361691); (F) 冬黑麦葡聚糖酶-AFP (CAJ58506.1); (G) 冬黑麦II型内切几丁质-AFP (AF280438.1); (H) 小球藻AFP (ABR01234.1)。通过在线软件Phyre 2.0 (http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/html/page.cgi?id =index)运行GenBank序列生成植物AFPs模型。

Figure 2 Molecular structure of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) in several plants (A) Lolium perenne LpAFP (AJ277399.1); (B) Daucus carota DcAFP (AF055480.1); (C) A type I endochitinase-AFP from Solanum dulcamara (Q84LQ7); (D) Triticum aestivum thaumatin like-AFP (AAM15877.1); (E) Brassica rapa BrAFP1 (gi62361691); (F) A glucanase-AFP from Secale cereale (CAJ58506.1); (G) A type II endochitinase-AFP from S. cereale (AF280438.1); (H) AFP from Chlorella vulgaris (ABR01234.1). Plant AFP models generated by running GenBank sequences through the Phyre 2.0 server (http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/html/page.cgi?id=index).

图3 低温下植物抗冻蛋白(AFPs)和致病相关蛋白(PRs)的分子调控模型(Griffith and Yaish, 2004; Guo et al., 2018) (A) 低温胁迫诱导COR、AFP和CSP等基因表达, 新合成的PR-AFP蛋白和PR蛋白通过内质网、高尔基体和囊泡分泌运输, 穿过质膜并聚集在细胞壁外空间, 形成寡聚体复合物, 抑制低温下病原菌生长; 这些蛋白质包括几丁质酶-AFPs (CHT-AFP)、葡聚糖酶-AFPs (GLU-AFP)和类甜蛋白-AFPs (TLP-AFP); 当环境温度降至冰点以下, PR-AFPs蛋白可特异吸附到冰晶表面, 抑制冰晶生长和重结晶; (B) PR蛋白(包括几丁质酶(CHT)、葡聚糖酶(GLU)和类甜蛋白(TLP))被合成并分泌到质外体中, 常温下用水杨酸(SA)、脱落酸(ABA)或雪腐病原菌处理植物, 仅诱导合成PR蛋白, 可抑制真菌病原体生长。

Figure 3 Molecular regulation models of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) in plants under low temperature (Griffith and Yaish, 2004; Guo et al., 2018) (A) Cold stress induces COR, AFP and CSP gene expression; newly synthesized, dual-function PR-AFP proteins and PRs are secreted via the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and vesicles that merge with the plasmalemma and accumulate on the outer cell wall surface; the AFPs, including chitinase-AFPs (CHT-AFP), glucanase-AFPs (GLU-AFP) and thaumatin-like AFPs (TLP-AFP), form oligomeric complexes that inhibit the growth of pathogens under low temperature; Below the freezing degree, the proteins are adsorbed onto the surfaces of ice and inhibit its growth and recrystallization; (B) PR proteins, including chitinases (CHT), glucanases (GLU), and thaumatin-like proteins (TLP), were synthesized and secreted into the apoplast, when plants are treated with salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA) or snow mold at normal temperatures to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens.

表2 表达编码抗冻蛋白(AFP)基因的转基因植物

Table 2 Transgenic plants expressing a gene encoding an antifreeze protein (AFP)

蛋白名称	蛋白来源	受体植物	转基因表型	参考文献
afa3	冬季比目鱼 (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)	烟草	重组蛋白在细胞内积累, 抑制冰晶重结晶	Hightower et al., 1991
Type I afp	冬季比目鱼 (P. americanus)	烟草和马铃薯	重组proAFP蛋白在4°C积累, 但在25°C无积累; LT50降低1°C	Wallis et al., 1997; Kenward et al., 1999
TaAFPI	冬季比目鱼(P. americanus)	冬小麦	蛋白质在质外体中积累; 表现出很强的抗冻活性, 即使在-7°C也表现出很强的耐冷性	Khanna and Daggard, 2006
DcAFP	胡萝卜(Daucus carota)	烟草和拟南芥	在-2°C表现出耐冷性, 在质外体积累	Worrall et al., 1998; Meyer et al., 1999
Type II afp	美绒杜父鱼 (Hemitripterus americanus)	烟草	积累的蛋白质无抗冻活性	Kenward et al., 1999
sbwAFP	云杉蚜虫 (Choristoneura fumiferana)	烟草	冰核蛋白在质外体中积累; 提取物显示TH/RI活性	Holmberg et al., 2001
THPI	云杉蚜虫(C. fumiferana)	拟南芥	转基因植株的耐寒性增强	Zhu et al., 2010
dAFP-1	火色甲虫 (Dendroides canadensis)	拟南芥	在质外体中积累, TH=0.42°C	Huang et al., 2002
MpAFP149	沙漠甲虫 (Microdera punctipennis)	烟草	在质外体中积累; 在-1°C时, 耐冷性增强	Wang et al., 2008
LpIRIa和LpIRIb	黑麦草(Lolium perenne)	拟南芥	在-8-4°C范围内提高存活率	Zhang et al., 2010
LpAFP、LpIRI2和LpIRI3	多年生黑麦草(L. perenne)	拟南芥	在-6°C时, 离子渗漏降低12%-39%; 在-8- -5°C范围内提高存活率	Bredow et al., 2017
BrAFP1	白菜型冬油菜(Brassica rapa)	拟南芥	在-4°C提高存活率	Dong et al., 2020
IRIPs	南极发草 (Deschampsia antarctica)	拟南芥	过表达植株抗冻活性增强, 提取液中有RI活性	John et al., 2009

表2 表达编码抗冻蛋白(AFP)基因的转基因植物

Table 2 Transgenic plants expressing a gene encoding an antifreeze protein (AFP)

蛋白名称	蛋白来源	受体植物	转基因表型	参考文献
afa3	冬季比目鱼 (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)	烟草	重组蛋白在细胞内积累, 抑制冰晶重结晶	Hightower et al., 1991
Type I afp	冬季比目鱼 (P. americanus)	烟草和马铃薯	重组proAFP蛋白在4°C积累, 但在25°C无积累; LT50降低1°C	Wallis et al., 1997; Kenward et al., 1999
TaAFPI	冬季比目鱼(P. americanus)	冬小麦	蛋白质在质外体中积累; 表现出很强的抗冻活性, 即使在-7°C也表现出很强的耐冷性	Khanna and Daggard, 2006
DcAFP	胡萝卜(Daucus carota)	烟草和拟南芥	在-2°C表现出耐冷性, 在质外体积累	Worrall et al., 1998; Meyer et al., 1999
Type II afp	美绒杜父鱼 (Hemitripterus americanus)	烟草	积累的蛋白质无抗冻活性	Kenward et al., 1999
sbwAFP	云杉蚜虫 (Choristoneura fumiferana)	烟草	冰核蛋白在质外体中积累; 提取物显示TH/RI活性	Holmberg et al., 2001
THPI	云杉蚜虫(C. fumiferana)	拟南芥	转基因植株的耐寒性增强	Zhu et al., 2010
dAFP-1	火色甲虫 (Dendroides canadensis)	拟南芥	在质外体中积累, TH=0.42°C	Huang et al., 2002
MpAFP149	沙漠甲虫 (Microdera punctipennis)	烟草	在质外体中积累; 在-1°C时, 耐冷性增强	Wang et al., 2008
LpIRIa和LpIRIb	黑麦草(Lolium perenne)	拟南芥	在-8-4°C范围内提高存活率	Zhang et al., 2010
LpAFP、LpIRI2和LpIRI3	多年生黑麦草(L. perenne)	拟南芥	在-6°C时, 离子渗漏降低12%-39%; 在-8- -5°C范围内提高存活率	Bredow et al., 2017
BrAFP1	白菜型冬油菜(Brassica rapa)	拟南芥	在-4°C提高存活率	Dong et al., 2020
IRIPs	南极发草 (Deschampsia antarctica)	拟南芥	过表达植株抗冻活性增强, 提取液中有RI活性	John et al., 2009

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植物抗冻蛋白研究进展

Research Progress in Plant Antifreeze Protein

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