大叶铁线莲大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育

doi:10.11983/CBB18261

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 铁线莲属植物在花部形态和结构方面存在较大差异, 遗传背景相对复杂。因此, 在杂交育种前对其进行胚胎学研究具有重要意义。利用石蜡切片技术对大叶铁线莲(Clematis heracleifolia)大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育过程进行研究, 结果显示, 大叶铁线莲具雄株和两性花植株。雄花中, 雄配子体发育偶见败育现象; 而两性花中多数花粉发育异常, 形成功能性雌花。正常发育的两性花中, 雄蕊较雌蕊先发育完全。花药4室, 具腺质绒毡层, 偶见变形绒毡层。胞质分裂为同时型, 以四面体型四分体为主, 偶见左右对称型。成熟花药中, 花药壁由纤维状加厚的表皮及药室内壁构成, 花粉粒为2-细胞型, 近球状, 散沟型。子房1室, 内含少量退化胚珠及1个发育正常的胚珠, 倒生, 单珠被, 薄珠心, 蓼型胚囊, 具线形大孢子四分体及双核反足细胞。大叶铁线莲可能处于相对进化的过渡地位。在杂交育种中, 建议以雄花植株作为父本, 两性花植株仅用作母本; 在两性花花芽大小为0.5-0.8 cm时进行去雄处理。

关键词: 大叶铁线莲, 铁线莲属, 配子体, 毛茛科, 孢子体

Abstract: In Clematis (Ranunculaceae) species show significant differences in floral morphology and structures, consistent with their complex genetic background. Thus, it is important to study the embryological characteristics prior to any attempts of breeding by hybridization. Here, we report the characterization of microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, megasporogenesis and macrogametogenesis of Clematis heracleifolia by floral dissection. We show that C. heracleifolia is androdioecy. Aborted microgametophyte cells are observed in the majority of bisexual flowers but occasionally found in male flowers, which results in the formation of functional female flowers. However, in a small number of normal bisexual flowers, male gametophytes mature faster than that of female gametophytes. During microsporogenesis, the tetrasporangiate anther is formed, followed by simultaneous microsporocyte cytokinesis, and the formation of glandular tapetum, occasionally with amoeboid tapetum. After meiosis, the microspores tetrads are mostly tetrahedral, and occasionally symmetrical. The wall of mature anther contains fibrous thickening epidermis and endothecium. Pollen grains are spheroidal, pantocolpate, and 2-celled. The ovary has one chamber with a normal and a few degraded ovules, which contains a anatropous, unitegmic, tenuinucellate, and Polygonum-type embryo-sac. A linear tetrad of megaspores and dikaryocyte antipodal cells can be observed. This species may belong to a transitional clade within Clematis. In breeding practice for C. heracleifolia, it is advised to use plants bearing male flowers and hermaphrodite flowers as male and female parents, respectivley, with the bisexual flowers of 0.5-0.8-cm-long to be emasculated.

Key words: Clematis heracleifolia, Clematis, gametophyte, Ranunculaceae, sporophyte

杨艺,王娜,王奎玲,刘庆华,李伟,郭霄,马颖杰,刘庆超. 大叶铁线莲大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育. 植物学报, 2019, 54(5): 596-605.

Yi Yang,Na Wang,Kuiling Wang,Qinghua Liu,Wei Li,Xiao Guo,Yingjie Ma,Qingchao Liu. Megasporogenesis, Microsporogenesis and Development of Male and Female Gametophytes of Clematis heracleifolia. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2019, 54(5): 596-605.

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链接本文: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/CN/10.11983/CBB18261

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/CN/Y2019/V54/I5/596

图/表 9

图1 大叶铁线莲花部结构雄花; (B) 两性花。Bars=5 mm

Figure 1 The floral structure of Clematis heracleifolia Staminate flower; (B) Bisexual flower. Bars=5 mm

图2 大叶铁线莲雄花小孢子发育 (A) 孢原细胞(箭头所示, 上)及其平周分裂形成初生壁细胞(箭头所示, 上)和初生造孢细胞(箭头所示, 下); (B) 花药壁; (C1) 次生造孢细胞; (C2) 有丝分裂前期(箭头所示); (C3) 有丝分裂中期(箭头所示, 右)和后期(箭头所示, 左); (C4) 有丝分裂末期(箭头所示); (D) 小孢子母细胞; (E1) 减数第1次分裂前期; (E2) 减数第1次分裂中期(箭头所示); (E3) 减数第1次分裂后期(箭头所示, 右)和末期(箭头所示, 左); (F1) 减数第2次分裂后期(箭头所示, 左), 偶见变形绒毡层(箭头所示, 右); (F2) 减数第2次分裂末期, 偶见左右对称型四分体(箭头所示); (G) 四分体解体; (H) 花药发育异步现象(箭头所示); (I1)-(I4) 小孢子败育。Bars=50 μm

Figure 2 Microspore development in staminat e flower of Clematis heracleifolia (A) Archesporial cell (arrow, up), primary parietal cell (arrow, up) and primary sporogenous cell (arrow, down); (B) Anther wall; (C1) A row of secondary sporogenous cells; (C2) Prophase (arrow); (C3) Metaphase (arrow, right) and anaphase (arrow, left); (C4) Telophase (arrow); (D) Microspore mother cells; (E1) Microspore mother cells at prophase of prophase I of meiosis; (E2) Microspore mother cells at metaphase of meiosis I (arrow); (E3) Microspore mother cells at anaphase (arrow, right) and telophase (arrow, left) of meiosis I; (F1) Microspore mother cells at anaphase of meiosis II (arrow, left) and amoeboid tapetum (arrow, right); (F2) Microspore mother cells at telophase of meiosis II (arrow) and symmetrical microspore tetrads; (G) Degrading tetrahedral tetrad; (H) The asynchronous phases; (I1)-(I4) Aborted microspores. Bars=50 μm

图3 大叶铁线莲雄花雄配子体发育 (A) 单核居中期; (B) 单核靠边期; (C1) 有丝分裂前期(箭头所示); (C2) 有丝分裂中期(箭头所示, 下)和后期(箭头所示, 上); (C3) 有丝分裂后期(箭头所示); (C4) 有丝分裂末期, 形成营养细胞和生殖细胞(箭头所示); (D) 花药开裂, 散粉, 2-细胞花粉粒。(A), (B), (C1), (D) Bars=50 μm; (C2)-(C4) Bars=20 μm

Figure 3 Microgametophyte development in staminate flower of Clematis heracleifolia (A) Microspore at monokaryotic stage; (B) Microspore at monokaryotic side stage; (C1) Microspore at prophase (arrow); (C2) Microspore at metaphase (arrow, down) and anaphase (arrow, up); (C3) Microspore at anaphase (arrow); (C4) Microspore at telophase, vegetative cell and germ cell are formed (arrow); (D) The dehiscent anther, and the 2-celled mature pollen grains. (A), (B), (C1), (D) Bars=50 μm; (C2)-(C4) Bars=20 μm

图4 大叶铁线莲两性花小孢子发生及花粉发育 (A)-(D) 小孢子母细胞败育; (E), (F) 部分小孢子母细胞败育; (G), (H) 花粉正常发育。an: 花药; ov: 子房。(A), (C), (G) Bars=500 μm; (B), (F) Bars=50 μm; (D), (E), (H) Bars=200 μm

Figure 4 Microspore and pollen grain development in bisexual flower of Clematis heracleifolia (A)-(D) Aborted microspore mother cells; (E), (F) Some aborted microspore mother cells; (G), (H) Normal pollen grains. an: Anther; ov: Ovary. (A), (C), (G) Bars=500 μm; (B), (F) Bars=50 μm; (D), (E), (H) Bars=200 μm

表1 大叶铁线莲花粉特性

Table 1 Pollen characteristics of Clematis heracleifolia

Characters	State
Shape	Spheroidal
Type of aperture	Pantocolpate
Diameter (μm)	16.09±0.88
Spinule height (μm)	0.46±0.09
Number of spinules (3×3 μm²)	3.80±1.08

图5 大叶铁线莲花粉扫描电镜观察 (A) Bar=10 μm; (B)-(D) Bars=1 μm

Figure 5 Scanning electron microscopy views of pollen grains of Clematis heracleifolia (A) Bar=10 μm; (B)-(D) Bars=1 μm

图6 大叶铁线莲两性花大孢子及雌配子体发育 (A), (B) 子房和胚珠; (C) 孢原细胞(箭头所示); (D) 大孢子母细胞(箭头所示); (E) 线形大孢子四分体(箭头所示); (F) 珠孔端3个大孢子退化, 合点端发育形成功能大孢子(箭头所示); (G) 二核胚囊; (H) 四核胚囊; (I) 八核胚囊; (J)-(L) 成熟胚囊7细胞8核。ac: 反足细胞; cc: 中央极核; ec: 卵细胞; sy: 助细胞。(A), (B) Bars=200 μm; (C)-(L) Bars=50 μm

Figure 6 Megaspore and megagametophyte development in bisexual flower of Clematis heracleifolia (A), (B) The ovary and ovule; (C) Archesporial cells (arrow); (D) Megaspore mother cells (arrow); (E) A linear tetrad of megaspores (arrows); (F) The three endostome megaspores were degenerated and the chalazal one was a functional megaspore (arrows); (G) Binucleate embryo sac; (H) Tetranucleate embryo sac; (I) Embryo sac with 8 nuclei; (J)-(L) Mature embryo sac of seven-cell with eight nuclei. ac: Antipodal cell; cc: Central nucleus; ec: Egg cell; sy: Synergids. (A), (B) Bars=200 μm; (C)-(L) Bars=50 μm

表2 大叶铁线莲雄花中配子体发育与花芽形态的关系

Table 2 Relationship between gametophytes development and flower bud morphology in staminate flower of Clematis heracleifolia

Bud length (cm)	Stamen length (cm)	Male gametophyte
0.22-0.40	0.15-0.31	Microsporocyte, meiosis
0.40-0.85	0.31-0.51	Meiosis, microspore
0.85-1.09	0.51-0.86	Microspore, monokaryotic side stage, mitosis
1.09-1.39	0.86-1.12	Mitosis, 2-celled pollen
1.39-2.14	1.12-1.32	2-celled pollen

表3 大叶铁线莲两性花中配子体发育与花芽形态的关系

Table 3 Relationship between gametophytes development and flower bud morphology in bisexual flower of Clematis heracleifolia

Bud length (cm)	Stamen length (cm)	Pistil length (cm)	Male gametophyte	Female gametophyte
0.16-0.36	0.10-0.14	0.05-0.11	Microsporocyte, meiosis, microspore	-
0.36-0.50	0.14-0.34	0.10-0.18	Microspore monokaryotic side stage, mitosis	Archesporium, megasporocyte
0.50-0.88	0.34-0.48	0.18-0.21	Mitosis, 2-celled pollen	Megasporocyte, uninucleate embryo sac
0.88-0.95	0.48-0.52	0.21-0.30	2-celled pollen	Uninucleate embryo sac, 2-nucleate or 4-nucleate embryo sac
0.95-1.42	0.52-0.60	0.30-0.42	2-celled pollen	4-nucleate or 8-nucleate embryo sac, mature embryo sac

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