Research Progress on Apoplast Barriers of Plant Roots

doi:10.11983/CBB21054

Abstract

Abstract: Root is the most important organ of plants to absorb water and mineral nutrients for maintaining life activities. The architecture and ultrastructure of roots are species specific with different effects on the water and mineral nutrients absorption. Among them, suberin lamellae and Casparian strip in the endodermis and exodermis are two important apoplast barriers, which block water and ions transport nondirectionally and play important roles in the plant growth and response to stress. However, the structure, chemical composition, physiological functions, biosynthesis and regulation of root apoplast barriers are only studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. In recent years, studies of root apoplast barriers in barley (Hordeum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa) and some forages have just been reported. In this review, the research progress of root apoplast barriers in A. thaliana, barley, rice and some forages in recent years are compared, and the future research direction is put forward in order to provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the roles of apoplastic barriers of gramineous crops and forages in growth, development and stress adaptation, and provide new ideas for crop and forage breeding.

Key words: apoplast barriers, Casparian strip, root anatomical structure, suberin lamellae

Xin Liu, Pei Wang, Qingping Zhou. Research Progress on Apoplast Barriers of Plant Roots[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2021, 56(6): 761-773.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB21054

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2021/V56/I6/761

Figures/Tables 3

Table 1 Comparison of chemical constituents and contents of suberin in different plant species

物种	含量单位	脂肪酸	醇	ω-羟基酸	α,ω-二酸	脂肪族	芳香族	总木栓质	参考文献
拟南芥	µg∙cm^-2	0.18	0.14	0.65	0.32	1.30	-	-	Ranathunge and Schreiber, 2011
	µg∙mg^-1DR	2.04	0.81	3.68	1.46	7.99	0.23	8.22	Wang et al., 2020
	µg∙mg^-1DW	2.66	1.86	11.70	5.59	21.81	0.40	22.21	Baxter et al., 2009
大麦	µg∙cm^-2	1.90	0.30	3.20	1.15	6.55	9.55	16.10	Ranathunge et al., 2017
水稻(IR64)	µg∙cm^-2	6.12	1.23	6.69	2.89	17.82	154.29	172.11	Kreszies et al., 2018 Schreiber et al., 2005
水稻(IR64)	µg∙mg^-1DW	3.30	1.25	7.20	1.55	14.19	110.00	124.19	Kreszies et al., 2018 Schreiber et al., 2005
小花碱茅	µg∙mg^-1DR	0.22	0.06	2.14	0.29	2.71	7.47	10.18	杨海莉, 2019

Figure 1 Schematic view of the formation of root apoplastic barriers and the effects of the radial transport of nutrients in roots (modified from Andersen et al., 2015) In the undifferentiated endodermis, three radial transport pathways (apoplastic, symplastic and coupled trans-cellular) were observed. In stage I, the formation of the Casparian strip blocks the apoplastic pathway of nutrients. In stage II, suberin lamellae was deposited on the secondary cell wall, and the formation of Casparian strip and suberin lamellae blocks the apoplastic pathway and coupled trans-cellular pathway of nutrients.

Figure 2 Ultrastructure of the root apoplast barriers in different plants (Ranathunge et al., 2003, 2011a; Lee et al., 2013; Kreszies et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020; Cohen et al., 2020) (A), (B) Suspension fluorescence and staining of primary roots of Arabidopsis thaliana (A) In Arabidopsis thaliana roots, the reticulum of the Casparian strip shows autofluorescence at different developmental stages; the image is a longitudinal, confocal image projection from the surface to the center that visualizes the network structure of the Casparian strip, the bright fluorescent spiral structure of the xylem conduit; (B) Confocal laser scanning micrograph shows the accumulation pattern of suberin lamellae on the root axis of Arabidopsis thaliana (Z projection), the root cell wall is high-lighted with propidium iodide (PI, red), the suberin (yellow) was detected by histochemistry with fluorescence yellow (FY) staining; (C) Barley root Casparian strip, dyeing in berberine-aniline blue at stage II appeared a complete green fluorescent Casparian strip complete form (arrows); (D) FY088 dyeing can appear complete yellow ring in stage II, showed that barley suberin lamellae formed complete (arrows); (E), (F) Formation of Casparian strip and suberin lamellae of Leymus chinensis root system (E) Casparian strip stained with berberine semisulfate (bright yellow blue signal, arrows); (F) Suberin lamellae deposits stained with FY088 (strong yellow signal, arrows); (G)-(J) The formation of the endodermis and exodermis Casparian strip, the endodermis and exodermis suberin lamellae of rice (G) Stained with anti-GFP antibody (1:1 000 dilution), and green fluorescence indicated the formation of the endodermis Casparian strip (arrows); (H) Berberine-aniline blue stain, and the yellow-green fluorescence indicates the complete formation of the exodermis Casparian strip (arrows); (I), (J) Stained with FY088, and the yellow-green fluorescence indicates the formation of the suberin lamellae (arrows). (A), (B) Bars=10 μm; (C)-(F), (H)-(J) Bars=50 μm; (G) Bars=100 μm

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