植物核黄素的生物合成及其功能研究进展

doi:10.11983/CBB22109

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 核黄素是生物体维持正常代谢所必需的辅酶因子FMN和FAD的合成前体, 其在线粒体电子传递链、三羧酸循环、脂肪酸β氧化、支链氨基酸分解代谢、氧化还原稳态、染色质重塑、DNA修复、细胞凋亡和次生代谢产物合成中发挥关键作用。核黄素缺乏会引发机体代谢紊乱和一系列表型缺陷, 严重时甚至导致生物体死亡。自然界生命体中仅微生物和植物可以从头合成核黄素, 而人和动物需从食物中获取核黄素。目前, 微生物中核黄素的合成及其调控机制已研究得比较清晰, 而核黄素在植物体内转运和代谢的调控机制尚不清楚。因此, 挖掘核黄素缺乏相关突变体对解析植物核黄素生物合成、转运和代谢的分子机制以及其对植物生长发育的调控机理具有重要意义。该文综述了核黄素的生物合成途径及其关键限速酶, 重点阐述了核黄素参与的植物生长发育过程, 并展望了植物核黄素的研究前景。

关键词: 核黄素, 黄素蛋白, 生物合成, 植物, 转运和代谢

Abstract: Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that serve as an indispensable cofactor to maintain normal metabolism, which plays pivotal roles in mitochondrial electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, β-oxidation of fatty acids, branched-chain amino acid catabolism, redox homeostasis, chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, apoptosis and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Riboflavin deficiency will cause metabolic disorders and a series of defective phenotypes, and death in the most severe cases. Among the living organisms, microorganisms and plants can de novo synthesize riboflavin, but humans and animals can only obtain it from food. At present, the regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis in microorganisms has been clearly studied, but the mechanism of riboflavin transport and metabolism in plants is still not clear. Isolating riboflavin deficient mutants is crucial for analyzing the molecular mechanisms of riboflavin biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism in plants and the effect of riboflavin on plant growth and development. Here we review first the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway and its key enzymes, and then the processes of riboflavin involved in plant growth and development in detail, and finally give prospects for plant riboflavin research.

Key words: riboflavin, flavoprotein, biosynthesis, plant, transport and metabolism

胡海涛, 郭龙彪. 植物核黄素的生物合成及其功能研究进展. 植物学报, 2023, 58(4): 638-655.

Haitao Hu, Longbiao Guo. Progress in the Research on Riboflavin Biosynthesis and Function in Plants. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2023, 58(4): 638-655.

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链接本文: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/CN/10.11983/CBB22109

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/CN/Y2023/V58/I4/638

图/表 4

图1 核黄素及其衍生物的分子结构

Figure 1 Molecular structure of riboflavin and its derivatives

图2 植物和微生物中核黄素的合成途径(Sa et al., 2016; Averianova et al., 2020) (A) 植物中核黄素的合成途径, (1) GTP环水解酶II; (2) 嘧啶脱氨酶; (3) 嘧啶还原酶; (4) 嘧啶磷酸酶; (5) 3,4-二羟基-2-丁酮-4-磷酸合酶; (6) 二氧四氢蝶啶合成酶; (7) 核黄素合成酶; (8) 核黄素激酶; (9) FMN水解酶; (10) FAD合成酶; (11) FAD焦磷酸酶; (B) 枯草芽孢杆菌(蓝色)和棉囊阿舒氏酵母(红色)中核黄素的合成路线。GTP: 鸟苷三磷酸; Ru5P: 核酮糖-5-磷酸; DHBP: 3,4-二羟基- 2-丁酮-4-磷酸; ARPP: 5-氨基-6-核糖醇氨基-2,4(1H,3H)-嘧啶酮-5′-磷酸; ARP: 5-氨基-6-核糖醇氨基-2,4(1H,3H)-嘧啶酮; DMRL: 6,7-二甲基-8-核糖醇基二氧四氢蝶啶; FAD: 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸; FMN: 黄素单核苷酸; RibAB: 双功能酶GTP环水解酶II (A)/3,4-二羟基-2-丁酮-4-磷酸合酶(B); RibDG: 双功能嘧啶脱氨酶(D)/嘧啶还原酶(G); RibH: 二氧四氢蝶啶合成酶; RibE: 核黄素合成酶; RibFC: 双功能黄素激酶(F)/FAD合成酶(C); ARPP转化为ARP的磷酸酶尚不清楚; RIB1: GTP环水解酶II; RIB7: 嘧啶还原酶; RIB2: 嘧啶脱氨酶; RIB3: 3,4-二羟基-2-丁酮-4-磷酸合酶合成酶; RIB4: 二氧四氢蝶啶合成酶; RIB5: 核黄素合成酶

Figure 2 Riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in plants and microorganisms (Sa et al., 2016; Averianova et al., 2020) (A) Riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in plants, (1) GTP cyclohydrolase II; (2) 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4-(3H) pyrimidinone 5′-phosphate deaminase; (3) 5-amino-6-ribosylamino-2,4(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione 5′-phosphate reductase; (4) 5-amino-6- ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione 5′-phosphate phosphatase; (5) 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase; (6) 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase; (7) Riboflavin synthase; (8) Riboflavin kinase; (9) FMN hydrolase; (10) FAD synthase; (11) FAD pyrophosphatase; (B) Enzyme of riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus subtilis (blue) and Ashbya gossypii (red). GTP: Guanosine triphosphate; Ru5P: Ribulose 5-phosphate; DHBP: 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate; ARPP: 5-amino- 6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione 5'-phosphate; ARP: 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione; DMRL: 6,7- dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine; FAD: Flavin adenine dinucleotide; FMN: Flavin mononucleotide; RibAB: Bifunctional enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase II(A)/3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase (B); RibDG: Bifunctional deaminase(D)/reductase(G); RibH: Lumazine synthase; RibE: Riboflavin synthase; RibFC: Bifunctional flavokinase(F)/FAD synthtase(C); The phosphatase converting ARPP to ARP is unknown; RIB1: GTP cyclohydrolase II; RIB7: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino) uracil reductase; RIB2: 2,5-diamino-6-ribitylamino-4(3H) pyrimidinedione 5′-phosphate; RIB3: 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase synthase; RIB4: Lumazine synthase; RIB5: Riboflavin synthase

图3 黄素蛋白参与的植物生物学反应黄素蛋白参与植物的发育、能量代谢、激素合成代谢、信号转导、活性氧代谢、基因表达、防御反应和辅酶因子合成等过程。RBOHD: 呼吸爆发氧化酶同源物D; CYP450s: 细胞色素P450氧化还原酶系统; PAOs: 多胺氧化酶; XDH: 黄嘌呤脱氢酶

Figure 3 Flavin protein are involved in many aspects of plant biology Flavin protein participates in development, energy metabolism, hormone metabolism, signaling, reactive oxygen species metabolism, gene expression, immunity, and cofactor biosynthesis. RBOHD: Respiratory burst oxidase homologue D; CYP450s: Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase system: PAOs: Polyamine oxidase; XDH: Xanthine dehydrogenase

表1 植物中黄素酶催化的部分反应

Table 1 Partial reactions catalyzed by flavoenzyme in plants

代谢途径	黄素酶	参考文献
光合电子传递链	Ferredoxin-NADP氧化还原酶	Mulo, 2011
线粒体电子传递链	NADH脱氢酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶	Rasmusson et al., 2008
三羧酸循环	琥珀酸脱氢酶和二氢硫辛酰胺脱氢酶	Huang and Millar, 2013
脂肪酸氧化	脂酰辅酶A脱氢酶	Pedersen and Henriksen, 2005
脯氨酸分解代谢	脯氨酸脱氢酶	Schertl et al., 2014
赖氨酸分解代谢	D-2-羟基戊二酸脱氢酶	Engqvist et al., 2011
四吡咯生物合成	原卟啉原IX氧化酶	Zhang et al., 2014
抗坏血酸合成	L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶和L-古洛糖-1,4-内酯氧化酶	Wheeler et al., 1998
抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环	单氢抗坏血酸还原酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶	Liao et al., 2021
类胡萝卜素合成代谢	八氢番茄红素脱氢酶、胡萝卜素顺反异构酶、番茄红素环化酶和玉米黄素环氧酶	Nisar et al., 2015
生长素合成	YUCCA单氧化酶	Yamamoto et al., 2007
脱落酸合成	醛氧化酶	Seo et al., 2000a, 2000b
细胞分裂素降解	细胞分裂素氧化酶	Jones and Schreiber, 1997
氮代谢	硝酸还原酶和谷氨酸合酶	Masclaux-Daubresse et al., 2010
组蛋白去甲基化	赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶	Yang et al., 2010

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