Regulation of Plasma Membrane Protein Dynamics and Its Research Methods

doi:10.11983/CBB22102

Abstract

Abstract: Plasma membrane (PM) proteins are important components of cell membranes and play important roles in material transport, ion exchange, signal transduction, and metabolic process. Their movements in the PM are in response to the developmental cues and environmental stimuli. Studying the regulatory mechanism of PM protein movement is crucial for a better understanding of the plant development and adaptation to environment. In the recent years, the rapid development of microscopic technologies enables us to move one step closer to reveal the regulatory mechanism of PM protein dynamics. In this paper, we systematically summarized PM protein dynamics and the factors affecting it. We also provided an introduction to commonly-used microscopic imaging techniques applied on PM protein dynamics research. This review will serve as a useful reference for the further investigation of biological functions of PM proteins.

Key words: plasma membrane protein, dynamics, microdomain, single-molecule imaging

Pengyun Luo, Hongping Qian, Yan Liu, Changwen Xu, Yaning Cui. Regulation of Plasma Membrane Protein Dynamics and Its Research Methods[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2023, 58(4): 590-601.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB22102

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2023/V58/I4/590

Figures/Tables 3

Figure 1 Factors affecting the dynamics of plasma membrane protein (A) Plasma membrane proteins are relatively stationary on the membrane under normal conditions; (B) The lateral diffusion of plasma membrane proteins was changed when the cell wall was damaged by cellulose synthesis inhibitors; (C) Microfilament/microtubule inhibitor treatment disrupts the cytoskeleton and changes the lateral diffusion movement of plasma membrane proteins; (D) MβCD treatment destroys the membrane raft and changes the lateral diffusion of plasma membrane proteins.

Figure 2 Technology of plasma membrane protein dynamics (A) From refraction to total internal reflection (TIR): the incident beam approaching the interface between two media with different indices of refraction n1 and n2 at an angle α will be refracted according to Snell’s law, beam propagation after the interface occurs thus at a different angle, if the incident angle α1 is greater than or equal to the critical angle α2, the beam does not propagate in the optically less-dense medium, but instead undergoes total reflection at the interface; (B) The diffusion of single labeled molecules in and out of the focal volume in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) induces fluctuations in fluorescence with time, the number of particles and their diffusion coefficients can be calculated by fitting the fluorescence fluctuation curve to an adequate diffusion model; (C) A region of interest (ROI) is selected bleached with an intense laser beam, and the fluorescence recovery in the ROI is measured over time; (D) Schematic diagram of the principles of super-resolution microscopic imaging techniques. FCS, SIM, STED, PALM and STORM see Table 1.

Table 1 Comparison of methods on plasma membrane protein dynamics research

技术名称	适用对象	优点	缺点
TIRFM	膜蛋白和脂类等分子	只激发靠近界面100-200 nm处的荧光分子, 信噪比显著提高	成像受衍射极限的限制, 且轴向分辨率局限于宽场范围
FCS	可自由扩散的荧光分子	灵敏度高, 空间分辨率高, 非侵入性检测等	不适用于高浓度和扩散速度慢的样本, 高激发功率下荧光团会出现光漂白
FRAP	活细胞内分子	可用于功能性测量活细胞中的蛋白质迁移率	只能检测荧光分子的群体移动, 不能观察单个分子的移动
SIM	活细胞内分子	成像速度快, 普适性强, 无须特殊的染料标记	硬件装置昂贵, 成像时对光条件、原始数据的质量和数量要求严苛, 捕捉动态性较高的目标时会出现引入动态伪影的问题, 对活细胞内动态性较高的亚细胞结构长时程成像存在明显的局限性
STED	活体生物样品	荧光探针无光开关的特殊要求, 时间分辨率高
PALM	细胞外源表达的荧光蛋白	可用于活细胞测量, 分辨率可达1 nm量级
STORM	内源性蛋白物质	可研究细胞内源性蛋白的超分辨率定位

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