Enhanced Attraction of Mymarids (Stethynium empoascae) by Volatiles from Tea Flowers

doi:10.11983/CBB21078

Abstract

Abstract:

The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an important economic crop in China. Tea green leafhopper (Empoasca onukii) is the most damaging pest of tea plants and mymarid (Stethynium empoascae) has been classified as its egg parasitoid. However, the mechanism underlying the olfactory attraction of mymarids by tea flowers is still elusive. By factorial design, we showed that tea flowers could attract mymarids which are natural enemies of leafhopper and accelerated the parasitic behavior of mymarid. Tea flower specifically decreased the search time of parasitic behavior of mymarid with tea shoots infested by leafhoppers. However, the boosting effect of tea flower was lost in healthy tea shoots. Compared with health tea shoots, the types and relative contents of volatiles were dramatically increased in infested tea shoots using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We classified the volatile expression patterns of healthy tea shoots, infested tea shoots and tea flowers using partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). Based on variable importance for the projection (VIP), and identified 17 tea flower volatiles which could potentially discriminate the patterns of volatiles in the three tissues. Olfactometer bioassay showed that α-phellandrene, cis-linaloloxide, trans-linaloloxide, benzaldehyde and acetophenone significantly attract mymarids. Our work has preliminarily demonstrated the defense mechanism mediated by tea flowers and provides novel clues for biological control of tea green leafhopper management.

Key words: tea green leafhopper, mymarid, tea plant, flower volatile, partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), biological control

Dan Mu, Zehua Qi, Qin Li, Kexin Liang, Shaogui Hua, Xingyu Zhu, Mengjie Jiao, Yuchun Rao, Tingzhe Sun. Enhanced Attraction of Mymarids (Stethynium empoascae) by Volatiles from Tea Flowers[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2021, 56(5): 559-572.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB21078

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2021/V56/I5/559

Figures/Tables 11

References 58

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Factor	Level A	Level B
Infestation	Healthy tea shoots (-)	Infested tea shoots (+)
Tea flower	Absent (-)	Present (+)
Mating status	Virgin mymarid (-)	Mated mymarid (+)

Factor	Level A	Level B
Infestation	Healthy tea shoots (-)	Infested tea shoots (+)
Tea flower	Absent (-)	Present (+)
Mating status	Virgin mymarid (-)	Mated mymarid (+)

Group	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	p value
Tea flower	4785.1562	1	4785.1562	42.5105	9.6614 × 10^-10**
Infestation	3001.5563	1	3001.5563	26.6653	7.4251 × 10^-7**
Mating status	1531.4062	1	1531.4062	13.6047	0.0003**
Tea flower × Infestation	693.0563	1	693.0563	6.1570	0.0142*
Tea flower × Mating status	94.5562	1	94.5562	0.8400	0.3608
Infestation × Mating status	45.1562	1	45.1562		0.5274
Sum of squares for error (SSE)	17222.3063	153	112.5641
Total	27373.1938	159

Group	Sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	p value
Tea flower	4785.1562	1	4785.1562	42.5105	9.6614 × 10^-10**
Infestation	3001.5563	1	3001.5563	26.6653	7.4251 × 10^-7**
Mating status	1531.4062	1	1531.4062	13.6047	0.0003**
Tea flower × Infestation	693.0563	1	693.0563	6.1570	0.0142*
Tea flower × Mating status	94.5562	1	94.5562	0.8400	0.3608
Infestation × Mating status	45.1562	1	45.1562		0.5274
Sum of squares for error (SSE)	17222.3063	153	112.5641
Total	27373.1938	159

Group	Mating status	Search time (s)	Spying and spawning time (s)	Total time (s)
Intact tea shoot + tea flower	Virgin	69.75±2.12	10.00±0.30	79.75±2.26
Intact tea shoot + tea flower	Mated	62.50±1.78	9.85±0.28	72.35±1.88
Intact tea shoot	Virgin	74.15±3.02	10.10±0.28	84.25±3.16
Intact tea shoot	Mated	70.90±3.12	10.50±0.34	81.40±3.10
Tea shoot infested by tea green leafhopper + tea flower	Virgin	57.35±1.67	9.90±0.31	67.25±1.70
Tea shoot infested by tea green leafhopper + tea flower	Mated	49.10±2.26	10.10±0.33	59.20±2.15
Tea shoot infested by tea green leafhopper	Virgin	71.50±2.26**	10.05±0.39	81.55±2.36**
Tea shoot infested by tea green leafhopper	Mated	63.95±2.10**	11.15±0.26	75.10±1.99**