Abstract: We investigated the ecological factors and regional distribution in China of the desert Herba Cynomorii, used for many health indications, by field survey, use of reference specimens, literature investigation, and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Geographic Information System (TCMGIS). The optimal ecological factors for the herb are annual precipitation 100.01–217.68 mm; mean temperature in January –12.32– –8.61°C; mean temperature in July 16.17–23.90°C; annual sunshine 2 869.10–3 206.46 h; relative humidity 37.76%–50.89%; and soil type mainly mobile grassland aeolian sandy soil, brown calcium soil, and light brown calcium soil. The appropriate district (similarity ≥ 90%) for the herb is in the northwest drought area of 438 719.29 km², with 90 counties and cities in total and the largest area being Inner Mongolia, of 192 538.52 km². Appropriate areas with similarity 80%–90% is 638 495.90 km² with 120 counties and cities in total, among which Xinjiang is the largest area, of 475 399.71 km². This distribution is consistent with results of the third national survey of the TCMGIS and indicates potential new suitable growing areas for Herba Cynomorii.