Arabidopsis Callose Synthase Gene GSL8 is Required for Cell Wall Formation and Establishment and Maintenance of Quiescent Center

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1259.2013.00389

Abstract

Abstract: Callose synthase gene GSL8 in Arabidopsis thaliana was knocked out by means of T-DNA insertion or RNA interference. Cell walls and root apical organization in seeds and seedlings of the knockout lines and wild-type were compared by using light and transmission electron microscopes. Gaps of various sizes were found to occur in cell walls in all knockout lines, and there were no plasma membranes in the gap regions to separate the neighboring cells. No normal quiescent center was established in the embryonic root apices during seed development in the T-DNA mutants. Furthermore, the quiescent center was demonstrated to disappear from the root apices of seedlings as the gene GSL8 was silenced by RNA interference. Based on these observations, it is suggested that the gene GSL8 was involved in the formation of cell wall as well as the establishment and maintenance of quiescent center in the root apex.

Lin Liu, Xianqing Quan, Xiaomei Zhao, Lihua Huang, Shangcai Feng, Kunyan Huang, Xiaoyan Zhou, Wenting Su. Arabidopsis Callose Synthase Gene GSL8 is Required for Cell Wall Formation and Establishment and Maintenance of Quiescent Center[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2013, 48(4): 389-397.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1259.2013.00389

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2013/V48/I4/389

References

Barlow PW (1995). Structure and function at the root apex - phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives on apical cells and quiescent centres. Balugka F et al., eds. Structure and function of roots. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 3-18.
Barratt DHP, K?lling K, Graft A, Pike M, Calder G, Findlay K, Zeeman SC, Smith AM (2011). Callose synthase GSL7 is necessary for normal phloem transport and inflorescence growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 155, 328-341.
Bitonti MB, Chiappetta A, Innocenti AM, Liso R, Arrigoni O (1992). Quiescent centre ontogenesis during early germination of Allium cepa L. New Phytol 121, 577-580.
Boke NH (1979). Root glochids and root spurs of Opuntia arenaria (Cactaceae). Am J Bot 69, 1085-1092.
Byrne JM (1973). The root apex of Malva sylvestris. III. Lateral root development and the quiescent center. Am J Bot 60, 657-662.
Chen XY, Liu L, Lee E, Han X, Rim Y, Chu H, Kim SW, Sack F, Kim JY (2009). The Arabidopsis callose synthase gene GSL8 is required for cytokinesis and cell patterning. Plant Physiol 150(1), 105-113.
Clowes FAL (1958). Development of quiescent centres in root meristems. New Phytol 57, 85-88.
Clowes FAL (1978). Origin of quiescence at the root pole of pea embryos. Ann Bot 42, 1237-1239.
Dong X, Hong Z, Sivaramakrishnan M, Mahfouz M, Verma DPS (2005). Callose synthase (CalS5) is required for exine formation during microgametogenesis and for pollen viability in Arabidopsis. Plant J 42, 315-328.
Dubrovsky JG (1997). Determinate primary-root growth in seedlings of Sonoran desert Cactaceae; its organization, cellular basis, and ecological significance. Planta 203, 85-92.
Dubrovsky JG, Contreras-Burciaga L, Ivanov VB (1998). Cell cycle duration in the root meristem of Sonoran desert Cactaceae as estimated by cell-flow and rate-of-cell production methods. Ann Bot 81, 619-624.
Dubrovsky JG, Gómez-Lomelí LF (2003). Water deficit accelerates determinate developmental program of the primary root and does not affect lateral root initiation in a Sonoran desert Cactaceae, Pachycereus pringlei. Am J Bot 90(6), 823-831.
Enns LC, Kanaoka MM, Torii KU, Comai L, Okada K, Cleland REJ (2005). Two callose synthases, GSL1 and GSL5, play an essential and redundant role in plant and pollen development and in fertility. Plant Mol Biol 58, 333-349.
Hong Z, Delauney AJ, Verma DPS (2001). A cell plate-specific callose synthase and its interaction with phragmoplastin. Plant Cell 13, 755-768.
Huang L, Chen XY, Rim Y, Han X, Cho WY, Kim SW, Kim JY (2009). Arabidopsis glucan synthase-like 10 functions in male gametogenesis. J Plant Physiol 166, 344-352.
Jacobs AK, Lipka V, Burton RA, Panstruga R, Strizhov N, Schulze-Lefert P, Fincher GBJ (2003). An Arabidopsis callose synthase, GSL5, is required for wound and papillary callose formation. Plant Cell 15, 2503-2513.
Jürgens G (2001). Apical-basal pattern formation in Arabidopsis embryogenesis. EMBO J 20, 3609-3616.
Kakimoto T, Shibaoka H (1988). Cytoskeletal ultrastructure of phragmoplast-nuclei complexes isolated from cultured tobacco cells. Protoplasma (Suppl) 2, 95-103.
Kakimoto T, Shibaoka H (1992). Synthesis of polysaccharides in phragmoplasts isolated from tobacco BY-2 cells. Plant Cell Physiol 33, 353-361.
Kerk NM, Feldman LJ (1994). The quiescent center in roots of maize: initiation, maintenance and the role in organization of the root apical meristem. Protoplasma 183, 100-106.
Kerk NM, Feldman LJ (1995). A biochemical model for the initiation and maintenance of the quiescent center: implications for organization of root meristems. Development 121, 2825-2833.
Lucas WJ, Lee J (2004). Plasmodesmata as a supracellular control network in plants. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5, 712-726.
Nishikawa SI, Zinkl GM, Swanson RJ, Maruyama D, Preuss DJ (2005). Callose (β-1,3 glucan) is essential for Arabidopsis pollen wall patterning, but not tube growth. BMC Plant Biol 5,: 22.
Peterson RL, Vermeer J (1980). Root apex structure in Ephedra monosperma and Ephedra chilensis (Ephedraceae). Am J Bot 67, 815-821.
Raju MVS, Steeves TA, Naylor JM (1964). Developmental studies on Euphorbia esula L.: apices of long and short roots. Can J Bot 42, 1615-1628.
Rensing KH, Samuels AL, Savidge RA (2002). Ultrastructure of vascular cambial cell cytokinesis in pine seedlings preserved by cryofixation and substitution. Protoplasma 220, 39-49.
Richmond TA, Somerville CR (2000). The cellulose synthase superfamily. Plant Physiol 124, 495-498.
Rodríguez-Rodríguez JF, Shishkova S, Napsucialy-Mendivil S, Dubrovsky JG (2003). Apical meristem organization and lack of establishment of the quiescent center in Cactaceae roots with determinate growth. Planta 217(6), 849-857.
Samuels AL, Giddings TH, Staehelin LA (1995). Cytokinesis in tobacco BY-2 and root tip cells: a new model of cell plate formation in higher plants. J Cell Biol 130, 1345-1357.
Samuels AL, Staehelin LA (1996). Caffeine inhibits cell plate formation by disrupting membrane reorganization just after the vesicle fusion step. Protoplasma 195, 144-155.
Skene KR, Raven JA, Sprent JI (1998). Cluster root development in Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae) I. Xylem, pericycle, cortex, and epidermis development in a determinate root. New Phytol 138, 725-732.
Stone BA, Clarke AE (1992). Chemistry and physiology of higher plant 1,3-β-glucanase (callose). Stone BA, Clark AE, eds. Chemistry and Biology of (1-3)-β-Glucans. Melbourne, Australia: La Trobe University Press. pp. 365-429.
T?ller A, Brownfield L, Neu C, Twell D, Schulze-Lefert P (2008). Dual function of Arabidopsis glucan synthase-like genes GSL8 and GSL10 in male gametophyte development and plant growth. Plant J 54, 911-923.
van den Berg C, Willemsen V, Hendriks G, Weisbeek P, Scheres B (1997). Short-range control of cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis root meristem. Nature 390, 287-289.
Varney GT, McCully ME (1991). The branch roots of Zea. II. Developmental loss of the apical meristem in field-growth roots. New Phytol 118, 535-546.
Webster PL, Langenauer HD (1973). Experimental control of the activity of the quiescent centre in excised root tips of Zea mays. Planta 112, 91-100.
Wenzel CL, Rost TL (2001). Cell division patterns of the protoderm and root cap in the “closed” root apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. Protoplasma 218, 203-213.
Wilcox H (1962). Growth studies of the root incense cedar, Libocedrus decurrens. The origin and development of primary tissue. Am J Bot 49, 221-236.
Willemsen V, Wolkenfelt H, de Vrieze G, Weisbeek P, Scheres B (1998). The HOBBIT gene is required for formation of the root meristem in the Arabidopsis embryo. Development 125, 521-531.