花青素苷(anthocyanin)是决定被子植物花、果实和种皮等颜色的重要色素之一。花青素苷的合成与积累过程往往与植物发育过程密切相关, 由内外因子共同控制。环境因子通过诱导植物体内花青素苷合成途径相关基因的表达来调控花青素苷的呈色反应。该文追踪了国内外相关研究, 认为光是影响花青素苷呈色的主要环境因子之一, 光质和光强均能在一定程度上影响花青素苷的合成, 其中光质起着更为关键的作用; 低温能诱导花青素苷的积累, 高温则会加速花青素苷的降解;不同的糖类物质均能影响花青素苷的合成, 大部分结构基因和调节基因的表达均受糖调控。关于花发育与花青素苷呈色的关系、观赏植物花色对环境因子的响应以及花青素苷抵御逆境的机理尚待深入研究。因此, 综合考察花发育与植物花青素苷合成及其呈色之间的关系, 特别是光周期对花发育的影响导致花青素苷合成及呈色的机理是花色研究的一个重要课题。利用环境因子调控花色将会极大地提高花卉的观赏价值。
Anthocyanin is one of the most important plant pigments for the color of flowers, fruits and seedlings. Anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation are closely related to plant growth and development and are subject to internal and external factors. Activation of the anthocyanin pathway and accumulation of the pigment require many environmental signals. Many studies have shown that environmental factors induce anthocyanin accumulation via the activation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. This paper reviews the effect of major environmental factors on gene expression patterns of anthocyanin synthesis and regulation of anthocyanin accumulation and stability. Light is one of the most important stimulators, and light quality is more important than light intensity. Low temperatures increase and high temperatures decrease anthocyanin concentration. Most of the structural and regulation genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis can be regulated by different sugars. Three aspects demand further research: the relationship between flower development and flower pigmentation, the response of flower color to environmental factors, and the resistance mechanism of anthocyanin to stress. Controlling flower color by environmental factors will greatly improve the quality of ornamentals.