Abstract: Proteomics involves analysis of all dynamic proteins to elucidate the pattern of protein expression and function in all kinds of organisms, tissues, cells and organelles. Proteome analysis is becoming a powerful tool in the functional characterization of plants. Because of the availability of vast nucleotide sequence information and the progress in sensitive and rapid protein identification by mass spectrometry, proteome approaches open up new perspectives to analyze the complex functions of model plants and crop species at different levels. Seed proteomics mainly focus on two aspects: (1) identifying as many proteins as possible to establish a proteome reference profile for a specific physiological phase and (2) comparison proteomics. This review gives an overview of recent advances in seed proteomics. We discuss proteomes associated with seed development, dormancy and germination, cell and subcellular structures, PTMs and proteomes of responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Perspectives on and challenges in study of seed proteomes are proposed.