Abstract: Immunocytochemical technique was used to localize two hemicellulose components, xylans and (1-3)(1-4)-β-glucans, in plant cell wall of bamboo stem (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel.). It was shown that the immunocytochemical method could effectively reveal the distribution of hemicelluloses in plant cell walls. The results indicated that xylans were distributed in cell walls of lignified tissues, such as fiber and sclerenchyma, their distribution was related with the process of lignification. (1-3)(1-4)-β-glucans were localized in short parenchyma walls and middle lamellae of long parenchyma cells in young bamboo ground tissue, while they were only distributed in short parenchyma walls in old bamboo stem, reflecting the difference of wall composition between long and short parenchyma cells in bamboo ground tissue.