泥炭藓: 一类具有重要生态、经济和科学价值的碳封存植物

doi:10.11983/CBB22031

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 全球气候变暖是人类面临最严峻的环境挑战。有效控制碳排放, 充分发挥生态系统的固碳能力是实现碳中和目标的重要手段。作为碳封存能力最强的一种湿地类型, 泥炭地是加快实现碳中和目标的关键陆地生态系统。作为泥炭地“有效的生态系统工程师”, 泥炭藓(Sphagnum)在泥炭地的碳汇功能、过滤淡水及保护土地免受洪水侵袭等方面具有极其重要的作用。100多年来, 泥炭藓广泛应用于医药保健、污染监测和废水处理等领域, 尤其是作为一类最值得信赖的土壤介质和保湿材料一直被广泛用于园艺产业。在全球气候变暖和“双碳”目标的大背景下, 泥炭藓已经成为生命科学和生态学研究的热点。该文主要从泥炭藓的形态、物种多样性和起源、生境与分布、繁殖和保护、培养与种植、环境指示和监测、用途和应用, 以及碳封存、储水和酸化能力等方面进行综述, 旨在为泥炭藓研究、泥炭地的保护和恢复以及泥炭藓开发利用和产业发展提供借鉴与参考。

关键词: 泥炭藓种植, 全球变暖, 苔藓利用, 泥炭地, 碳中和

Abstract: Global warming is the most severe environmental challenge that mankind is facing now. In addition to effectively controlling carbon emissions, making the ecosystem work at full capacity of carbon sequestration is an important means to achieve the goal of carbon neutralization. As one of the wetland types with the highest carbon sequestration capacity, peatland is the key terrestrial ecosystem to accelerate the achievement of carbon neutrality goals. As the ‘effective ecosystem engineer’ on peatlands, peat moss (Sphagnum) plays an extremely important role in peatlands, such as carbon sink, freshwater filtering, and land protection from flooding. For more than 100 years, peat mosses, as the most economically valuable group of bryophytes, have been widely used in the fields of medicine and health care, pollution monitoring and wastewater treatment, especially in the horticultural industry as one of the most reliable soil media and moisturizing materials. In the context of global warming and the ‘two-carbon’ goal, peat moss is a research hotspot in life sciences and ecology. This paper mainly reviews the morphology, species diversity and origin, habitat and distribution, reproduction and protection, cultivation and planting, environmental indication and monitoring, usage and applications, capabilities of carbon sequestration, water storage and acidification. It provides a reference for peat moss research, peatland protection and restoration, as well as development, utilization, and industrial development of peat moss.

Key words: Sphagnum farming, global warming, bryophyte utilization, peatland, carbon neutralization

朱瑞良. 泥炭藓: 一类具有重要生态、经济和科学价值的碳封存植物. 植物学报, 2022, 57(5): 559-578.

Zhu Ruiliang. Peat Mosses (Sphagnum): Ecologically, Economically, and Scientifically Important Group of Carbon Sequestration Plants. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2022, 57(5): 559-578.

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链接本文: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/CN/10.11983/CBB22031

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/CN/Y2022/V57/I5/559

图/表 6

图1 泥炭藓的二型性 (A) 野生居群(bar=4 mm); (B) 细胞的二型性: 透明细胞和绿色细胞(bar=10 μm); (C), (D) 叶的二型性(bars=200 μm): (C) 茎叶; (D) 枝叶; (E) 枝的二型性: 左边箭头示展枝, 右边箭头示垂枝(bar=3 mm)。凭证标本为朱瑞良20181128-100 (HSNU)。

Figure 1 Dimorphism of Sphagnum palustre (A) Native population (bar=4 mm); (B) Dimorphism of cells: hyalocyst and chlorocyst (bar=10 μm); (C), (D) Dimorphism of leaves (bars=200 μm): (C) stem leaf; (D) branch leaf; (E) Dimorphism of branches, spreading branch (left arrow) and pendent branch (right arrow) (bar=3 mm). All from voucher specimen RL Zhu 20181128-100 (HSNU).

图2 泥炭藓的生活史 (A) 孢子(扫描电镜, 近轴面); (B) 丝状原丝体; (C) 叶状原丝体; (D) 配子体(雄株); (E) 精子器; (F) 配子体(雌株); (G) 颈卵器; (H) 孢子体(含孢蒴基部残留的颈卵器)

Figure 2 Life cycle of Sphagnum palustre (A) Spore (proximal view from scanning electron microscope); (B) Filamentous protonema; (C) Thalloid protonema; (D) Male gametophyte; (E) Antheridium; (F) Female gametophyte; (G) Archegonium; (H) Sporophyte (with an archegonium unfertilized at the bottom of capsule)

图3 我国南方代表性泥炭藓生境 (A) 高山湖泊周围湿地(云南高黎贡山, 海拔3 552 m; 各种泥炭藓); (B) 森林河岸(四川达古冰川, 海拔3 597 m; 粗叶泥炭藓); (C) 高山针叶林林下(云南高黎贡山, 海拔2 951 m; 刺叶泥炭藓); (D) 林缘岩石(浙江凤阳山, 海拔1 270 m; 泥炭藓和暖地泥炭藓)

Figure 3 Representative habitats of Sphagnum in Southern China (A) Wetlands around alpine lakes (Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan, 3 552 m; various peat moss); (B) Riverbank of forests (Dagu glacier, Sichuan, 3 597 m; S. squarrosurn); (C) Understory of alpine coniferous forest (Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan, 2 951 m; S. pungifolium); (D) Forest edge rock (Fengyangshan, Zhejiang, 1 270 m; S. palustre and S. junghuhnianum)

图4 我国东北泥炭地的泥炭藓群落 (A) a: 锈色泥炭藓; b: 桧叶金发藓; c: 赤茎藓; d: 小叶泥炭藓; e: 阔边泥炭藓(凭证标本为马晓英等20210815-21 (HSNU)); (B) a: 毛壁泥炭藓; b: 阔边泥炭藓; c: 神奇泥炭藓; d: 皱蒴藓(凭证标本为马晓英等20210813-13 (HSNU))。Bars=5 mm

Figure 4 Sphagnum communities in peatland of northeast China (A) a: S. fuscum; b: Polytrichum juniperinum; c: Pleurozium schreberi; d: S. angustifolium; e: S. warnstorfii (Voucher specimen XY Ma et al. 20210815-21 (HSNU)); (B) a: S. imbricatum; b: S. warnstorfii; c: S. divinum; d: Aulacomnium palustre (Voucher specimen XY Ma et al. 20210813-13 (HSNU)). Bars=5 mm

图5 我国东北泥炭地的锈色泥炭藓与食虫植物圆叶茅膏菜 Bar=3 mm

Figure 5 Sphagnum fuscum and the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia on the peatland of northeast China Bar=3 mm

表1 亚洲濒危泥炭藓及其生境

Table 1 Endangered peat mosses and their habitats in Asia

中文名(植物学名)	分布	生境
印尼泥炭藓(新拟名) (Sphagnum antarense)	新几内亚和苏拉威西	海拔3000 m以上的云雾林
斯里兰卡泥炭藓(新拟名) (S. ceylonicum)	斯里兰卡	云雾林
吕宋泥炭藓(S. luzonense)	中国、泰国、菲律宾和越南	高海拔或中海拔的酸性贫营养到中营养沼泽
尼泊尔泥炭藓(新拟名) (S. nepalense)	尼泊尔	不详
新几内亚泥炭藓(新拟名) (S. novoguineense)	布干维尔、印度尼西亚和新几内亚	高海拔云雾林林缘或洼地
卵叶泥炭藓(S. ovatum)	中国、印度、尼泊尔和泰国	高海拔酸性贫营养到中营养沼泽

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