氮素添加对内蒙古草甸草原生态系统CO2交换的影响

doi:10.11983/CBB17041

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 氮沉降增加将影响草原生态系统固碳, 但如何影响草原生态系统CO₂交换目前为止还没有定论。同时, 不同类型和剂量氮素对生态系统CO₂交换影响的差异也不明确。选取内蒙古额尔古纳草甸草原, 开展了不同类型氮肥和不同剂量氮素添加条件下生态系统CO₂交换的野外测定。实验设置尿素和缓释尿素2种类型氮肥各5个剂量水平(0、5.0、10.0、20.0和50.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)。结果显示, 生长季初期及中期降雨量低时, 氮素添加抑制生态系统CO₂交换; 而生长季末期降雨量较高时促进生态系统CO₂交换。随着氮素添加水平的提高, NEE和GEP均显著增加, 当氮素添加量达到10 g N·m^-2·a^-1时, NEE和GEP的响应趋于饱和。2种氮肥(尿素和缓释尿素)仅在施氮量为5 g N·m^-2·a^-1时, 缓释尿素对生态系统CO₂交换的促进作用显著大于尿素, 在其它添加剂量时差异不显著。研究结果表明: 氮素是该草甸草原生态系统的重要限制因子, 但氮沉降增加对生态系统CO₂交换的影响强烈地受降雨量与降雨季节分配的限制, 不同氮肥(尿素和缓释尿素)对生态系统CO₂交换作用存在差异。

关键词: 氮素添加, 生态系统净CO₂交换, 生态系统呼吸, 草原生态系统总光合, 草甸草原

Abstract: Increasing nitrogen deposition influences carbon sequestration in grassland ecosystems, but we have no consistent results on how it impacts the exchange of CO₂ at the ecosystem level. As well, the impact of different types of N fertilizers and rates of N increase are not clear yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of N addition on ecosystem CO₂ exchange and was performed in a meadow steppe in Erguna, Inner Mongolia. A field experiment compared two types of N fertilizers (urea and slow-release urea) with five N addition rates (0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 50.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1). At the start and middle stage of the growing season, N addition had weak and inhibitive effects on ecosystem CO₂ exchange when precipitation was low, and significantly increased ecosystem CO₂ exchange in the late growing season when precipitation was high. Both net ecosystem CO₂ exchange and gross ecosystem photosynthesis increased significantly with N addition rate but showed a tendency of saturation when the N addition rate reached 10 g N·m^-2·a^-1. The two types of N fertilizers resulted in slightly different responses of ecosystem CO₂ exchange: slow-release urea had a stronger positive effect at 5 g N·m^-2·a^-1 with no significant difference at other addition rates. Our study suggests that increasing N deposition has significant effects on carbon assimilation in this semi-arid grassland, but the direction and magnitude of effects are strongly affected by seasonal pattern and amount of precipitation. The effects of different types of N fertilizers (i.e., urea and slow-release urea) on ecosystem CO₂ exchange may differ.

Key words: nitrogen addition, net ecosystem CO₂ exchange, ecosystem respiration, gross ecosystem photosynthesis, meadow steppe

哈斯木其尔, 张学耀, 牛国祥, 王银柳, 黄建辉. 氮素添加对内蒙古草甸草原生态系统CO₂交换的影响. 植物学报, 2018, 53(1): 27-41.

Muqier Hasi, Xueyao Zhang, Guoxiang Niu, Yinliu Wang, Jianhui Huang. Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Ecosystem CO₂Exchange in a Meadow Steppe, Inner Mongolia. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2018, 53(1): 27-41.

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图/表 13

图1 2016年研究样地日降雨量(柱形)与日均气温(线形)动态

Figure 1 Daily precipitation (bars) and daily mean air temperature (line) of the research plots in 2016

表1 生长季不同氮素添加水平下土壤温度、土壤含水量、生态系统净CO2交换、生态系统呼吸和生态系统总光合的季节均值

Table 1 Means of growing season soil temperature, soil moisture, net ecosystem CO2 exchange, ecosystem respiration and gross ecosystem photosynthesis under different nitrogen addition rates

	N addition rates (g N·m^-2·a^-1)	θν	Ts	NEE	ER	GEP
Urea	0	11.48^a±0.74	17.94^a±0.66	-2.98^a±0.38	3.85^ab±0.12	6.81^ab±0.48
	5	12.79^a±0.97	17.69^a±0.76	-3.13^a±0.49	3.35^a±0.22	6.48^a±0.31
	10	12.29^a±0.61	17.66^a±0.32	-3.77^a±0.32	4.10^ab±0.42	7.88^b±0.29
	20	13.79^a±0.47	17.71^a±0.49	-3.82^a±0.27	4.23^ab±0.23	8.05^b±0.19
	50	13.41^a±0.71	17.22^a±0.22	-2.88^a±0.44	4.59^b±0.33	7.48^ab±0.61
Slow-release urea	0	11.48^a±0.74	17.94^a±0.66	-2.98^b±0.38	3.85^a±0.12	6.81^a±0.48
	5	12.01^a±0.74	18.07^a±0.35	-3.77^ab±0.32	3.81^a±0.25	7.58^a±0.19
	10	12.51^a±0.55	17.72^a±0.35	-4.80^a±0.39	4.29^a±0.32	9.10^b±0.39
	20	14.49^a±1.28	17.06^a±0.27	-3.15^b±0.46	4.19^a±0.37	7.34^a±0.23
	50	14.26^a±0.82	17.44^a±0.42	-2.93^b±0.54	4.55^a±0.27	7.47^a±0.40

表2 生长季测定时间和氮肥(尿素和缓释尿素) 2个因素对土壤温度、土壤含水量、生态系统净CO2交换、生态系统呼吸和生态系统总光合的主效应及其交互效应的重复测定方差分析(P值)

Table 2 Results (P-values) of repeated-measures ANOVA on the effects of sampling time, N addition (urea and slow-release urea), and their interactions on soil temperature, soil moisture, net ecosystem CO2 exchange, ecosystem respiration and gross ecosystem photosynthesis during the growing season

		θν	Ts	NEE	ER	GEP
Urea	Time	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	N	0.22	0.91	0.29	0.08	0.07
	Time×N	0.66	0.56	0.01	0.01	0.03
Slow-release urea	Time	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
	SN	0.38	0.49	0.04	0.34	0.01
	Time×SN	0.63	0.74	0.003	0.15	0.002

图2 土壤表层(0-10 cm)铵态氮和硝态氮的季节动态(A), (B) 添加尿素; (C), (D) 添加缓释尿素。小图为添加不同剂量氮素后土壤氮素含量的季节均值(平均值±标准误, n=4)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Figure 2 Seasonal dynamics of soil NH4+-N and NO3--N at 0-10 cm depth(A), (B) Addition with urea; (C), (D) Addition with slow-release urea. In-set figures showed mean soil inorganic N contents with addition of N (means±SE, n=4). Different lowercase letters among columns indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.05).

图3 表层(0-10 cm)土壤pH值季节均值(平均值±标准误, n=4)(A) 添加尿素; (B) 添加缓释尿素。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Figure 3 Seasonal means of pH at 0-10 cm soil (means±SE, n=4)(A) Addition with urea; (B) Addition with slow-release urea. Different lowercase letters among columns indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.05).

表3 氮素添加水平分别对地上净初级生产力、禾草类生物量、杂类草生物量和地下总生物量影响的单因素方差分析结果(平均值±标准误, n=4)

Table 3 Aboveground net primary productivity, grasses aboveground biomass, forb aboveground biomass and total belowground biomass under different nitrogen addition rates (means±SE, n=4)

	N addition rates (g N·m^-2·a^-1)	ANPP	GB	FB	BGB
Urea	0	142.52^a±16.85	96.86^a±19.68	42.37^a±13.05	1718.44^a±172.36
	5	157.74^a±5.51	129.37^a±11.10	24.33^a±8.48	1575.31^a±64.48
	10	216.29^a±23.24	190.59^a±19.71	24.07^a±5.09	1941.26^ab±226.12
	20	167.54^a±21.06	125.55^a±38.81	37.01^a±16.07	2320.85^b±99.68
	50	191.38^a±40.72	182.04^a±42.34	10.26^a±3.16	1915.27^ab±74.55
Slow-release urea	0	142.52^a±16.85	96.86^a±19.68	42.37^a±13.05	1718.44^a±172.36
	5	166.24^ab±11.86	129.16^ab±10.48	28.49^a±3.39	1632.48^a±67.81
	10	238.34^bc±35.71	188.39^bc±45.45	50.16^a±25.57	2127.48^b±111.51
	20	261.06^c±26.01	220.86^c±19.61	40.48^a±7.82	1942.56^ab±123.40
	50	254.41^c±24.63	227.08^c±16.94	31.36^a±16.22	1750.71^ab±105.22

图4 不同氮素添加浓度下生态系统净CO2交换、生态系统呼吸和生态系统总光合季节动态(平均值±标准误)(A)-(C) 添加尿素; (D)-(F) 添加缓释尿素。NEE、ER和GEP同表1。

Figure 4 Seasonal variations in net ecosystem CO2 exchange, ecosystem respiration and gross ecosystem photosynthesis under different nitrogen addition rates (means±SE)(A)-(C) Addition with urea; (D)-(F) Addition with slow-release urea. NEE, ER and GEP see Table 1.

图5 不同浓度尿素处理时生态系统净CO2交换、生态系统呼吸和生态系统总光合月动态(平均值±标准误, n=4)NEE、ER和GEP同表1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Figure 5 Seasonal patterns of net ecosystem CO2 exchange, ecosystem respiration and gross ecosystem photosynthesis at different nitrogen addition rates with urea in each month (means±SE, n=4)NEE, ER and GEP see Table 1. Different lowercase letters among columns indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.05).

图6 不同浓度缓释尿素处理时生态系统净CO2交换、生态系统呼吸和生态系统总光合的月动态(平均值±标准误, n=4)NEE、ER和GEP同表1。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

Figure 6 Seasonal patterns of net ecosystem CO2 exchange, ecosystem respiration and gross ecosystem photosynthesis at different nitrogen addition rates with slow-release urea in each month (means±SE, n=4) NEE, ER and GEP see Table 1. Different lowercase letters among columns indicate significant differences among treatments (P<0.05).

图7 生态系统净CO2交换、生态系统呼吸及生态系统总光合与表层(0-10 cm)土壤温度的相关性(A)-(C) 添加尿素; (D)-(F) 添加缓释尿素。NEE、ER和GEP同表1。

Figure 7 Relationships of net ecosystem CO2 exchange, ecosystem respiration or gross ecosystem photosynthesis with 0-10 cm soil temperature(A)-(C) Addition with urea; (D)-(F) Addition with slow-release urea. NEE, ER and GEP see Table 1.

图8 生态系统净CO2交换、生态系统呼吸及生态系统总光合与表层(0-10 cm)土壤含水量的相关性(A)-(C) 添加尿素; (D)-(F) 添加缓释尿素。NEE、ER和GEP同表1。

Figure 8 Relationships of net ecosystem CO2 exchange, ecosystem respiration or gross ecosystem photosynthesis with 0-10 cm soil moisture(A)-(C) Addition with urea; (D)-(F) Addition with slow-release urea. NEE, ER and GEP see Table 1.

图9 生态系统净CO2交换、生态系统呼吸及生态系统总光合与地下总生物量的相关性(A)-(C) 添加尿素; (D)-(F) 添加缓释尿素。NEE、ER和GEP同表1。

Figure 9 Relationships of net ecosystem CO2 exchange, ecosystem respiration or gross ecosystem photosynthesis with belowground biomass(A)-(C) Addition with urea; (D)-(F) Addition with slow-release urea. NEE, ER and GEP see Table 1.

表4 不同氮素(尿素和缓释尿素)添加水平下生态系统呼吸(ER)和生态系统总光合(GEP)对土壤含水量的敏感性(平均值±标准误, n=4)

Table 4 Sensitivity of ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) to soil moisture under different nitrogen addition rates (means±SE, n=4)

	N addition rates (g N·m^-2·a^-1)	ER	GEP
Urea	0	0.72^a±0.09	1.86^a±0.64
	5	0.95^a±0.16	3.23^ab±0.62
	10	0.59^a±0.15	3.72^ab±0.71
	20	0.76^a±0.19	3.67^ab±1.35
	50	0.74^a±0.09	4.54^b±0.34
Slow-release urea	0	0.72^a±0.09	1.86^a±0.64
	5	0.89^a±0.14	4.21^b±0.16
	10	1.43^b±0.27	5.86^c±0.61
	20	0.69^a±0.12	3.46^b±0.62
	50	0.92^a±0.12	4.99^bc±0.36

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氮素添加对内蒙古草甸草原生态系统CO₂交换的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Ecosystem CO₂Exchange in a Meadow Steppe, Inner Mongolia

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