We studied the morphological and micro-morphological characteristics of achenes of 10 species of Taraxacum from northeastern China to provide evidence for classification. The achenes were observed by microscopy and electron-probe microanalysis. Cluster analysis revealed the basis of the size, shape, cone proportion, color and surface sculpture of achenes. The surface of achenes is spinulose in regular rows with white spots, but the size and density of spinulose differ. The results of cluster analysis are consistent with descriptions in the Flora of China. The morphological and micro-morphological features of achenes are described. The differences in achene morphological characteristics can be regarded as taxonomic evidence. The characteristic of cone proportion (B/A: cone length/achene length without cone length) is described and supplemented as a main point of taxonomy.
参考文献：
[1] 中国植物志. 1999, 北京: 科学出版社. 80(2)
[2] 李冀云. 2004, 东北草本植物志. 北京: 科学出版社.
[3] Crow G E. 1979, The systematic significance of seed morphological in Sagina ( Caryophyllaceae ) under SEM. B rittonta, 31(1) : 52 - 63.
[4] Maroder H, Prego I,Maldonado S. 2003, Histochemical and ultrastruc2 tural studies on Salix able and S. m atsudana seeds. Trees:S tructure and Function, 17 (3) : 193 - 199.
[5] 孙成仁. 2006, 五味子属植物种子形态特征及其分类学意义. 云南植物研究, 28 (4) : 383 - 393.
[6] 赵佐成, 周明德, 罗定泽,等. 2000, 中国荞麦属果实形态特征. 植物分类学报, 38 (5) : 486- 489.
[7] 马骥, 王勋陵, 赵松岭. 1997, 骆驼蓬属种子微形态及其生态学与分类学意义. 武汉植物学研究, 15 (4) : 323 - 327.
[8] 蒲高忠, 刘启新. 2006, 滇芎属与瘤果芹属果实表面微形态特征及其分类学意义. 植物资源与环境学报, 15 (3) : 1 - 6.
[9] Martinez-Ortega M M,Rico E.2001.Seed morphology and its systematic significance in some Veronica species(Scrophulariaceae) mainly from the Western Mediterranean. Plant Systematics and Evolution 228:15–32.
[10] Yildiz K.2002.Seed morphology of Caryophyllaceae species from Turkey(North Anatolia).Pakistan Journal of Botany 34:161–171.
[11] 陈士超, 赛尼, 傅承新. 2007, 菝葜科种皮微结构特征及其分类学意义, 植物分类学报, 45(1):52–68
[12] Ingo Uhlemann, Jan Kirschner, Jan tpfinek. 2004, THE GENUS TARAXACUM (ASTERACEAE) IN [13] The southern hemisphere.l. the section ANTARCT/CA HANDEL-MAZZETTL and NOTES on dandelions of Australasia, Folia Geobotanica 39: 205-220,
[14] 胡适宜. 2005, 被子植物生殖生物学. 北京:高等教育出版社, 232-247.
[15] Sultanul Abedin. 2007, New species of Taraxacum weber ex wigg. form pakistan, Pak. J. Bot., 39(5): 1417-1433.
[16] Hans Qllgaard, Juhani Rasanen. 2008, Six new Taraxacum species (Asteraceas) from Finland and adjacent countries, Ann.Bot. Fennici, 45: 375-385.
[17] Antonio galan de Mera, Jose A. Vicente Orellane. 2009, Two new species of Taraxacum from high mountains of the lberian peninsula, Ann.Bot. Fennici, 46: 133-137.
[18] Abdel K K,Van der Maesen L J G. 2002. Seed morphology of some tribes of Brassicaceae(implications for taxonomy and species identification for the flora of Egypt).Blumea. 47:363–383.
[19] Pfosser M,Wetschnig W,Ungar S,Prenner G. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among genera of Massonieae (Hyacinthaceae) inferred from plastid DNA and seed morphology.Journal of Plant Research 116:115–132.
[20] Song Y,Yuan Y M,Küpfer P. 2005. Seedcoat micromorphology of Impatiens(Balsaminaceae)from China.Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 149:195–208.
[21] Reza Sheikh Akbari, Dina Azizian. 2006. Seed Morphology and Seed Coat Sculpturing of Epilobium L. Species (Onagraceae Juss.) from Iran.Resarch Article.30:435-440.
[22] 赵佐成. 1988, 中国水筛属种子特征研究.植物分类学报, 26(4):290-298.
[23] 张渝华. 1978, 阴山芥属的校订.植物分类学报, 25(3):204-219.
[24] Maroder H, Prego I, Maldonado S. 2003, Histochemical and Ultrastructural Studies onSalix ableandS. matsudanaSeeds.Trees:Structure and Function, 17(3):193-199.
[25] Xu F X. 2003, Sclerotesta Morphology and its Systematic Implications in Magnoliaceous Seeds.Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 142(4):407-424.
[26] Zeng C L,Wang J B,Liu A H,et al. 2004, Seed coat microsculpturing changes during seed development in diploid and amphidiploidBrassica species.Annals of Botany, 93(5):555-566.
[27] Gabriel Segarra J,Mateu I. 2001, Seed morphology ofLinariafrom eastern Spain:identification of species and taxonomic implications.Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 135(4):375-389.
[28] Khaniki G B. 2003, Fruit and Seed Morphology in Iranian Species of Fritillaria subgenus of Fritillaria (Liliaceae).Pakistan Journal of Botany , 35(3):313-322.
[29] 刘长江, 林祁, 贺建秀. 2004, 中国种子植物形态学研究方法和术语.西北植物学报, 24(1): 178-188.
[30] 吴征镒, 路安民, 汤彦承,等. 2003, 中国被子植物科属综论.北京:科学出版社, 516-518.
[31] 夏 泉, 彭泽祥. 1989, 木通科大血藤科种子的研究.植物分类学报, 27(4):273-274.
[32] 张志耘. 1990, 国产肉苁蓉属花粉与种皮形态研究.植物分类学报, 28(4):294-298.
[33] 鲁迎春, 陈艺林. 1991, 凤仙花属种子形态及其在分类学上的意义.植物分类学报, 29(3):252-257.
[34] 刘君哲, 张清敏, 郭淑华,等. 1992, 中国车前属种子形态及其分类学意义.植物分类学报, 30(2):118-125.
[35] 林 琳, 林寿全. 1992, 甘草种皮微形态特征及其分类意义初探.武汉植物研究, 10(3):295-296.
[36] 张志耘, 温 洁. 1996, 金缕梅科种子形态学及其系统学评价.植物分类学报, 34(5):538-546.
[37] 常朝阳, 李思锋, 杨 均. 1998, 七筋姑属种皮形态特征的研究.武汉植物研究, 16(1):1-4.
[38] Knapp S. 2000, A revision of Solanum the lopodium species group: Solanaceae. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum,Botany Series, 30(1):13-30.
[39] Gabriel Segarra J,Mateu I. 2001, Seed morphology of Linariafrom eastern Spain:identification of species and taxonomic implications. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 135(4):375-389.
[40] Chem Sh Ch, Sai N ,Fu Ch X. 2007, Seed coat morphology of Smilacaceae and it s systematic significance. A cta Pharmaceutica S inica, 45 (1) :52 - 68.
[41] Yildiz K, 2002, Seed morphology of Caryophyllaceae species fromTurkey (North Anatolia) .Pak JBot, 34: 161 – 171.
[42] 毕海燕，林 祁，刘长江等，2002, 南五味子属(五味子科) 的种子形态及其分类学意义.植物分类学报， 40(6): 501~510.
[43] Craig C Buss , Thomas GLammers , Robert R Wise. 2001, Seed coat morphology and its systematic implication in Cyanea and othergenera of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae). American Journal of Botany , 88 (7) :1301-1308.
[44] Oh IC, Denk T, Friis EM. 2003, Evolution of Illicium ( Illiciaceae) : Mapping morphological characters on the molecular tree. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 240: 175- 209.
Home