Guided by the principle of “Empowering Three Dimensions” (intensity, depth, and breadth), this study addresses the major issues in the traditional teaching of plant physiology course, such as fragmented knowledge points, weak connection to practical applications, insufficient student initiatives, and rigid integration of ideological and political education. Taking the course of “the impact of respiration in agricultural and forestry production” as a key case, we explored the integration path of artificial intelligence (AI) and curriculum teaching. By constructing knowledge graphs, designing an AI-driven closed-loop teaching process covering the stages of “pre-class, in-class, and post-class”, and developing case generation tools, our reform has achieved systematic organization of knowledge, personalized teaching, and targeted cultivation of practical abilities of the students. Meanwhile, through AI tools, the course transformed the ideological and political elements—including the wisdom of agricultural civilization and the “Dual carbon” goals—into visual and interactive teaching content, establishing a trinity model of “Knowledge impartment, competence development, and value guidance”. Practice showed that AI empowerment had effectively improved students’ participation and knowledge mastery (e.g., the recognition of carbon balance increased to 89%), enhanced their discipline identity and sense of social responsibility. This research provides practical references for the integrated reform of curriculum intellectualization and ideological and political education.