Progress in the Research on Riboflavin Biosynthesis and Function in Plants

doi:10.11983/CBB22109

Abstract

Abstract: Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that serve as an indispensable cofactor to maintain normal metabolism, which plays pivotal roles in mitochondrial electron transport chain, citric acid cycle, β-oxidation of fatty acids, branched-chain amino acid catabolism, redox homeostasis, chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, apoptosis and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Riboflavin deficiency will cause metabolic disorders and a series of defective phenotypes, and death in the most severe cases. Among the living organisms, microorganisms and plants can de novo synthesize riboflavin, but humans and animals can only obtain it from food. At present, the regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis in microorganisms has been clearly studied, but the mechanism of riboflavin transport and metabolism in plants is still not clear. Isolating riboflavin deficient mutants is crucial for analyzing the molecular mechanisms of riboflavin biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism in plants and the effect of riboflavin on plant growth and development. Here we review first the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway and its key enzymes, and then the processes of riboflavin involved in plant growth and development in detail, and finally give prospects for plant riboflavin research.

Key words: riboflavin, flavoprotein, biosynthesis, plant, transport and metabolism

Haitao Hu, Longbiao Guo. Progress in the Research on Riboflavin Biosynthesis and Function in Plants[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2023, 58(4): 638-655.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB22109

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2023/V58/I4/638

Figures/Tables 4

Figure 1 Molecular structure of riboflavin and its derivatives

Figure 2 Riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in plants and microorganisms (Sa et al., 2016; Averianova et al., 2020) (A) Riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in plants, (1) GTP cyclohydrolase II; (2) 2,5-diamino-6-ribosylamino-4-(3H) pyrimidinone 5′-phosphate deaminase; (3) 5-amino-6-ribosylamino-2,4(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione 5′-phosphate reductase; (4) 5-amino-6- ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione 5′-phosphate phosphatase; (5) 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase; (6) 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase; (7) Riboflavin synthase; (8) Riboflavin kinase; (9) FMN hydrolase; (10) FAD synthase; (11) FAD pyrophosphatase; (B) Enzyme of riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus subtilis (blue) and Ashbya gossypii (red). GTP: Guanosine triphosphate; Ru5P: Ribulose 5-phosphate; DHBP: 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate; ARPP: 5-amino- 6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione 5'-phosphate; ARP: 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione; DMRL: 6,7- dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine; FAD: Flavin adenine dinucleotide; FMN: Flavin mononucleotide; RibAB: Bifunctional enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase II(A)/3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase (B); RibDG: Bifunctional deaminase(D)/reductase(G); RibH: Lumazine synthase; RibE: Riboflavin synthase; RibFC: Bifunctional flavokinase(F)/FAD synthtase(C); The phosphatase converting ARPP to ARP is unknown; RIB1: GTP cyclohydrolase II; RIB7: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino) uracil reductase; RIB2: 2,5-diamino-6-ribitylamino-4(3H) pyrimidinedione 5′-phosphate; RIB3: 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase synthase; RIB4: Lumazine synthase; RIB5: Riboflavin synthase

Figure 3 Flavin protein are involved in many aspects of plant biology Flavin protein participates in development, energy metabolism, hormone metabolism, signaling, reactive oxygen species metabolism, gene expression, immunity, and cofactor biosynthesis. RBOHD: Respiratory burst oxidase homologue D; CYP450s: Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase system: PAOs: Polyamine oxidase; XDH: Xanthine dehydrogenase

Table 1 Partial reactions catalyzed by flavoenzyme in plants

代谢途径	黄素酶	参考文献
光合电子传递链	Ferredoxin-NADP氧化还原酶	Mulo, 2011
线粒体电子传递链	NADH脱氢酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶	Rasmusson et al., 2008
三羧酸循环	琥珀酸脱氢酶和二氢硫辛酰胺脱氢酶	Huang and Millar, 2013
脂肪酸氧化	脂酰辅酶A脱氢酶	Pedersen and Henriksen, 2005
脯氨酸分解代谢	脯氨酸脱氢酶	Schertl et al., 2014
赖氨酸分解代谢	D-2-羟基戊二酸脱氢酶	Engqvist et al., 2011
四吡咯生物合成	原卟啉原IX氧化酶	Zhang et al., 2014
抗坏血酸合成	L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯脱氢酶和L-古洛糖-1,4-内酯氧化酶	Wheeler et al., 1998
抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环	单氢抗坏血酸还原酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶	Liao et al., 2021
类胡萝卜素合成代谢	八氢番茄红素脱氢酶、胡萝卜素顺反异构酶、番茄红素环化酶和玉米黄素环氧酶	Nisar et al., 2015
生长素合成	YUCCA单氧化酶	Yamamoto et al., 2007
脱落酸合成	醛氧化酶	Seo et al., 2000a, 2000b
细胞分裂素降解	细胞分裂素氧化酶	Jones and Schreiber, 1997
氮代谢	硝酸还原酶和谷氨酸合酶	Masclaux-Daubresse et al., 2010
组蛋白去甲基化	赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶	Yang et al., 2010

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