Peat Mosses (Sphagnum): Ecologically, Economically, and Scientifically Important Group of Carbon Sequestration Plants

doi:10.11983/CBB22031

Abstract

Abstract: Global warming is the most severe environmental challenge that mankind is facing now. In addition to effectively controlling carbon emissions, making the ecosystem work at full capacity of carbon sequestration is an important means to achieve the goal of carbon neutralization. As one of the wetland types with the highest carbon sequestration capacity, peatland is the key terrestrial ecosystem to accelerate the achievement of carbon neutrality goals. As the ‘effective ecosystem engineer’ on peatlands, peat moss (Sphagnum) plays an extremely important role in peatlands, such as carbon sink, freshwater filtering, and land protection from flooding. For more than 100 years, peat mosses, as the most economically valuable group of bryophytes, have been widely used in the fields of medicine and health care, pollution monitoring and wastewater treatment, especially in the horticultural industry as one of the most reliable soil media and moisturizing materials. In the context of global warming and the ‘two-carbon’ goal, peat moss is a research hotspot in life sciences and ecology. This paper mainly reviews the morphology, species diversity and origin, habitat and distribution, reproduction and protection, cultivation and planting, environmental indication and monitoring, usage and applications, capabilities of carbon sequestration, water storage and acidification. It provides a reference for peat moss research, peatland protection and restoration, as well as development, utilization, and industrial development of peat moss.

Key words: Sphagnum farming, global warming, bryophyte utilization, peatland, carbon neutralization

Zhu Ruiliang. Peat Mosses (Sphagnum): Ecologically, Economically, and Scientifically Important Group of Carbon Sequestration Plants[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2022, 57(5): 559-578.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB22031

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2022/V57/I5/559

Figures/Tables 6

Figure 1 Dimorphism of Sphagnum palustre (A) Native population (bar=4 mm); (B) Dimorphism of cells: hyalocyst and chlorocyst (bar=10 μm); (C), (D) Dimorphism of leaves (bars=200 μm): (C) stem leaf; (D) branch leaf; (E) Dimorphism of branches, spreading branch (left arrow) and pendent branch (right arrow) (bar=3 mm). All from voucher specimen RL Zhu 20181128-100 (HSNU).

Figure 2 Life cycle of Sphagnum palustre (A) Spore (proximal view from scanning electron microscope); (B) Filamentous protonema; (C) Thalloid protonema; (D) Male gametophyte; (E) Antheridium; (F) Female gametophyte; (G) Archegonium; (H) Sporophyte (with an archegonium unfertilized at the bottom of capsule)

Figure 3 Representative habitats of Sphagnum in Southern China (A) Wetlands around alpine lakes (Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan, 3 552 m; various peat moss); (B) Riverbank of forests (Dagu glacier, Sichuan, 3 597 m; S. squarrosurn); (C) Understory of alpine coniferous forest (Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan, 2 951 m; S. pungifolium); (D) Forest edge rock (Fengyangshan, Zhejiang, 1 270 m; S. palustre and S. junghuhnianum)

Figure 4 Sphagnum communities in peatland of northeast China (A) a: S. fuscum; b: Polytrichum juniperinum; c: Pleurozium schreberi; d: S. angustifolium; e: S. warnstorfii (Voucher specimen XY Ma et al. 20210815-21 (HSNU)); (B) a: S. imbricatum; b: S. warnstorfii; c: S. divinum; d: Aulacomnium palustre (Voucher specimen XY Ma et al. 20210813-13 (HSNU)). Bars=5 mm

Figure 5 Sphagnum fuscum and the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia on the peatland of northeast China Bar=3 mm

Table 1 Endangered peat mosses and their habitats in Asia

中文名(植物学名)	分布	生境
印尼泥炭藓(新拟名) (Sphagnum antarense)	新几内亚和苏拉威西	海拔3000 m以上的云雾林
斯里兰卡泥炭藓(新拟名) (S. ceylonicum)	斯里兰卡	云雾林
吕宋泥炭藓(S. luzonense)	中国、泰国、菲律宾和越南	高海拔或中海拔的酸性贫营养到中营养沼泽
尼泊尔泥炭藓(新拟名) (S. nepalense)	尼泊尔	不详
新几内亚泥炭藓(新拟名) (S. novoguineense)	布干维尔、印度尼西亚和新几内亚	高海拔云雾林林缘或洼地
卵叶泥炭藓(S. ovatum)	中国、印度、尼泊尔和泰国	高海拔酸性贫营养到中营养沼泽

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