水稻细菌性条斑病(bacterial leaf streak, BLS)是由稻黄单胞菌稻生致病变种(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc)引起的一种重要检疫性病害。该病原菌兼具高度遗传多样性和强传播能力，在种植集约化及气候变暖的双重驱动下，已在我国南方籼稻主产区持续扩散。本文系统综述了Xoc-水稻互作机制的研究进展：1)病原层面：解析了T2SS、T3SS及胞外多糖等关键毒性因子的致病机制，揭示了致病小种的分化规律；2)寄主层面：阐明了PTI/ETI介导的抗病信号通路，综述了抗病(R)基因克隆与感病(S)基因编辑的研究进展；3)展望：未来研究将致力于深度整合多组学技术系统解析Xoc致病网络，依托泛基因组学规模化挖掘具持久广谱抗性的R基因，创新构建S基因靶向编辑与植物免疫激活协同增效的绿色防控体系，为BLS的可持续治理提供系统性解决方案。

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), is a significant quarantine disease. The pathogen exhibits both high genetic diversity and strong transmission capabilities. Driven by agricultural intensification and global warming, BLS has been progressively expanding across major indica rice-producing regions in southern China. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in Xoc-rice interaction mechanisms: 1) Pathogen perspective: Elucidating pathogenic mechanisms of virulence factors (including T2SS, T3SS, and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)) and pathovar differentiation patterns; 2) Host perspective: Clarifying advances in PTI/ETI-mediated immunity signaling pathways, R gene cloning, and S gene editing; 3) Future directions: Proposing multi-omics approaches to decode Xoc pathogenicity networks, leveraging pan-genomics for large-scale mining of durable and broad-spectrum R genes, and constructing synergistic systems integrating S gene editing with immune activation to establish systematic solutions for sustainable BLS management.