蓝色花形成分子机理研究进展

doi:10.11983/CBB19028

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 花色是观赏植物的重要特征, 在自然界中蓝色花占比很少, 很多观赏植物都缺少蓝色种质。因此, 研究蓝色花形成的分子机理对于蓝色花定向育种具有重要意义。研究表明, 花色的形成主要是通过花青苷积累, 花青素通过糖基化形成花青苷, 再通过酰基、甲基化修饰及金属离子络合反应, 在特定的液泡pH环境中呈现出稳定的蓝色。该文从花青苷合成与代谢途径入手, 对蓝色花形成关键基因功能、花青苷各位点酰化的影响、金属离子的作用、液泡pH值相关基因研究及蓝色花分子育种等方面进行综述。

关键词: 酰化, 花青苷合成通路, 液泡pH值, 金属离子, 蓝色花, 基因工程

Abstract: Flower color is an important feature of ornamental plants. There are only a few plants containing blue flowers in nature; however, most of the ornamental plants lack blue varieties. Therefore, studying the molecular mechanism underlying blue flower formation has great significance for flower breeding in the future. Recent studies have revealed that flower pigmentation is mainly caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins. Anthocyanidins are catalyzed to the stable anthocyanin form by glycosylation, acylation or methyl modification. Furthermore, the pH environment and metal ions in the vacuole also influence the pigmentation. In this review paper, we summarized the progresses in the anthocyanin biosynthesis and motablism pathways, the function of some key regulatory genes, the effect of anthocyanin acylation, the regulation by metal ion chelation and pH environment, and molecular breeding of blue flowers.

Key words: acylation, anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, vacuolar pH, metal ion, blue flower, genetic engineering

张泰然,张和臣,武荣花. 蓝色花形成分子机理研究进展. 植物学报, 2020, 55(2): 216-227.

Tairan Zhang,Hechen Zhang,Ronghua Wu. Recent Advances on Blue Flower Formation. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2020, 55(2): 216-227.

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链接本文: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/CN/10.11983/CBB19028

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/CN/Y2020/V55/I2/216

图/表 6

图1 花青苷生物合成途径 PAL: 苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶; C4H: 肉桂酸-4-羟化酶; 4CL: 4-香豆酸CoA连接酶; CHS: 查尔酮合成酶; CHI: 查尔酮异构酶; F3H: 黄烷酮3-羟化酶; F3′H: 类黄酮3′-羟化酶; F3′5′H: 类黄酮3′,5′-羟化酶; DFR: 二氢黄酮醇还原酶; ANS: 花色素合酶; GT: 糖基转移酶; AT: 酰基转移酶; MT: 甲基转移酶; AN9: 花青苷合成基因9

Figure 1 The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway PAL: Phenylalanine ammonialyase; C4H: Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL: 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase; CHS: Chalcone syn-thase; CHI: Chalcone isomerase; F3H: Flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H: Flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; F3′,5′H: Flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase; DFR: Dihydroflavonol reductase; ANS: Anthocyanin synthase; GT: Glycosyltransferases; AT: Acyltransfer-ases; MT: Methyltransferase; AN9: Anthocyanin 9

图2 花青苷酰化结构(Yoshida et al., 2000; Boor, 2001)

Figure 2 Acylated anthocyanin structure (Yoshida et al., 2000; Boor, 2001)

图3 金属花青苷组成(改自Yoshida et al., 2009b)

Figure 3 Formation of metalloanthocyanin (modified from Yoshida et al., 2009b)

图4 金属花青苷组分结构(Yoshida et al., 2009b) A1-A4为花青苷类物质; F1-F4为黄酮类物质。

Figure 4 Structure of metalloanthocyanin component (Yoshida et al., 2009b) A1-A4 are anthocyanins; F1-F4 are flavonoids.

表1 5种金属花青苷的成分(Yoshida et al., 2009a)

Table 1 Composition of five metalloanthocyanin (Yoshida et al., 2009a)

金属花青苷	来源	组成成分
金属花青苷	来源	花青苷	黄酮	金属离子
鸭跖草苷	鸭跖草 (Commelina communis)	A1	F1	Mg²⁺
原矢车菊苷	矢车菊 (Centaurea cyanus)	A2	F2	Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺
原飞燕草苷	龙胆鼠尾草 (Salvia patens)	A1	F3	Mg²⁺
含氰鼠尾草苷	天蓝鼠尾草 (S. uliginosa)	A3	F3	Mg²⁺
粉蝶花苷	粉蝶花 (Nemophila menziesii)	A4	F4	Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺

图5 转基因菊花花青苷合成途径(Noda et al., 2017)

Figure 5 The anthocyanin synthesis pathway in transgenic chrysanthemum (Noda et al., 2017)

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