丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 能与约 80% 的陆生植物形成共生关系, 通过根内独特的丛枝结构与宿主细胞紧密接触, 建立双向养分交换界面。这种互惠机制不仅增强了植物的抗逆性, 还重塑了生态系统的养分循环。与病原真菌类似, AMF 的细胞壁也主要由几丁质和 β-葡聚糖组成, 它们均是诱导宿主植物免疫反应的主要模式分子。菌根真菌如何有效躲避宿主植物的免疫反应目前尚不清晰, 但病原真菌分泌的效应蛋白对抑制植物的免疫反应具有重要作用。在丛枝菌根共生过程中, 大量效应蛋白被诱导表达, 这些效应蛋白可能也会抑制植物的免疫反应, 促进菌根真菌对宿主植物的侵染过程。该文对 AMF 效应蛋白的研究现状进行了阐述和总结, 展望了未来的研究方向与挑战。对效应蛋白的研究有助于阐明 AMF 对共生过程建立和维持的调控机理, 加深对互作双方的全面了解, 选育具有最适共生效率的菌株和植物品种, 从而促进农业可持续发展。

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form symbiotic relationships with approximately 80% of terrestrial plants. Through their unique arbuscular structures within roots, they establish close contact with host cells to create a bidirectional nutrient exchange interface. This mutualistic mechanism not only enhances plant stress resistance but also reshapes ecosystem nutrient cycling. Like pathogenic fungi, the cell walls of AMF are primarily composed of chitin and β-glucans, which are key molecular patterns capable of triggering host plant immune responses. How AMF effectively evades host plant immunity remains unclear. Effector proteins secreted by pathogenic fungi have been found to play a crucial role in suppressing plant immune responses. During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, numerous effector proteins are also induced, which may similarly inhibit plant immunity and facilitate fungal colonization. This article reviewed and summarized current research on AMF effector proteins as well as discussed the future research directions and challenges. Studying effector proteins will help elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of AMF symbiosis, deepen our understanding of host-fungal interactions, and aid in selecting optimal fungal strains and plant varieties for enhanced symbiotic efficiency, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural development.