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  • Hosted by:Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Sponsored by:Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Botanical Society of China
    Co-hosted by:Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan AgriculturalAcademy
    Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
    Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University
    State Key Laboratory of Crops Biology, Shandong Agricultural University

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The Rice Receptor-like Kinases Function as Key Regulators of Plant Development and Adaptation to the Environment
Qi Wang, Yunzhe Wu, Xueying Liu, Lili Sun, Hong Liao, Xiangdong Fu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2023, 58 (2): 199-213.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22129
Accepted: 02 November 2022

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Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are a large family of transmembrane protein kinases, which play an important role in the regulation of cell communication and signal transduction under different environmental conditions. The extracellular region of RLKs can sense and transmit extracellular and environmental signals that mediate by the specific binding of ligands, which in turn initiates a series of downstream signaling pathways through the interaction with its co-receptors, thus regulating plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. The rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains at least 1 131 RLKs, nearly twice the number found in Arabidopsis thaliana. RLKs are further divided into more than 20 subfamilies based on the characteristic motifs and structural domains of their extracellular regions. Although ligands and interacting proteins of some RLKs have been identified, the biological functions of most RLKs remain unclear in rice. In this review, we summarize current advances in understanding the mechanisms of RLKs-mediated signaling pathways and their contributions to plant growth and environmental adaptations in rice. The progress in understanding of RLKs and function roles in regulating plant growth, development and their adaptations to environments will facilitate breeding strategies for future sustainable agriculture and a new Green Revolution.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Research Progress of Spatiotemporal Transcriptomes
Yubin Xiao, Zixu Zhang, Yuzhu Wang, Huan Liu, Letian Chen
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2023, 58 (2): 214-232.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22220
Accepted: 10 January 2023

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Spatiotemporal heterogeneity is a key factor for functional differentiation in different tissues and plays an important role in regulating cell fate. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic sequencing (stRNA-seq) is an emerging omics technology that combines quantitative transcriptome with high-resolution tissue imaging. It anchors expression data to the physical map of a target organ or tissue and molecularly characterizes tissue sections and cell layers via unbiased bioinformatic analysis, which reflects the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of gene expression abundances within specific cells. Benefiting from the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of gene expression in various cells can be explored by new experimental approaches. In this review, we first briefly introduce the principle and development process of stRNA-seq, providing readers an overview on the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of different stRNA-seq techniques. Then, we summarize the applications of stRNA-seq in animals, plants and microorganisms, which provide theoretical references for the systematic research of stRNA-seq in future.

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The Biosynthesis of Plant Cell Wall Xylan and Its Application
Yanjun Guo, Feng Chen, Jingwen Luo, Wei Zeng, Wenliang Xu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2023, 58 (2): 316-334.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22030
Accepted: 23 June 2022

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Xylan is a major component of hemicellulose that widely present in the cell walls of various types of plants and is essential for the growth and development of plants. Many studies have shown that the content and structure of xylan in the cell wall have a significant impact on the processing characteristics of biomass. Hence, understanding the mechanism of xylan biosynthesis will enable us to modify the cell wall through genetic engineering. During last decade, many genes involved in xylan biosynthesis have been characterized in the model plant Arabidopsis and some important grain and cash crops. This article reviews these recent findings and discusses the potential applications of xylan biosynthesis genes in biomass energy and related fields.

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Germplasm Resource Innovation of Minor Cereals in China: Advances and Perspectives
Jing Wu, Sha Tang, Hongxia Wang, Jinhua Chang, Changyou Liu, Kaixuan Zhang, Yonghui Liu, Yannan Wang, Yuanhuai Han, Xianmin Diao
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2023, 58 (1): 6-21.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22197
Accepted: 23 December 2022

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In this paper, we reviewed the research status of minor cereals in China—the germplasm conservation, identification and innovative utilization, etc. Furthermore, we analyzed the problems and challenges existing in the basic research of minor cereals in China, and proposed the priorities and development directions.

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Strengthen the Research of Forage Basic Biology to Ensure Forage Seed Industry and National Food Security
Haichun Jing, Tai Wang, Rongcheng Lin, Xiaofeng Cao, Kang Chong
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (6): 719-724.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22275
Accepted: 26 December 2022

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Modern science and technology have just been entering the field of grass-based livestock husbandry, and “less input, low output and poor platform” restrict the development of forage breeding and industry in China. Although the development of grass-based livestock husbandry is ready to take off, the lack of scientific and technological innovation is difficult to ensure China’s food security; furthermore, there are few institutions and teams that focus on forage breeding research in China. Therefore, we organize the special issue ‘Forage Biology’, aiming to promote public awareness of the scientific and technological innovation, industrial development and national forage seed industry safety.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Achievements and Advances in the Plant Sciences in China in 2021
Fan Chen, Hongya Gu, Xiaoquan Qi, Qian Qian, Jianru Zuo, Shuhua Yang, Zhiduan Chen, Lei Wang, Rongcheng Lin, Liwen Jiang, Xiaojing Wang, Langtao Xiao, Yongfei Bai, Kang Chong, Tai Wang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2022, 57 (2): 139-152.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB22090
Accepted: 26 April 2022

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In 2021, the numbers of original research articles published by Chinese plant scientists in international multidisciplinary journals and mainstream plant science journals increased significantly compared with that in 2020, and important advances have been made in the fields of male and female cell recognition and fertilization, stem cell fate determination, mycorrhizal symbiosis, photosynthetic membrane protein complex, nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient utilization, innate immunity, crop de novo domestication and genome design. Among them, ‘rapid de novo domestication of allotetraploid wild rice’ was selected as one of the ‘Top Ten Advances in Life Sciences in China’ in 2021. Here we summarize the achievements of plant science research in China in 2021, and briefly introduce 30 representative important research advances, so as to help readers understand the developmental trend of plant sciences in China, and evaluate how to better connect plant scientific research with major national needs.

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Protocols for Small RNA FISH in Plants
Binbin Hu, Zhihui Xue, Cui Zhang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (3): 330-338.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21057
Accepted: 07 May 2021

Abstract1356)   HTML69)    PDF (1549KB)(720)       Save

Small RNAs are a type of small nucleotide molecules that are essential for plant growth and development, playing a key role in variety of life processes and in response to stresses. Research on the location of small RNAs could discover their functions in plants. Small RNA FISH is a qualitative or semi-quantitative analysis of small RNA in organisms by fluorescence detection technology. At present, this technology has been widely used in animals, but it is still less applied in plants. This article introduces the specific operation procedures and attentions based on ultra-high resolution microscopy that combines locked nucleic acid (LNA) probe in situ hybridization with immunofluorescence. This protocol can be used to detect the expression and localization of small RNA in plant tissues.

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POLLENCOAT PROTEIN B-class Peptides (PCP-Bs), a Key of Compatible Pollen to Open the Gate of Stigma
Wei Wang, Mengxiang Sun
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (2): 147-150.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21048
Accepted: 09 April 2021

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During sexual plant reproduction, pollen-stigma recognition is a critical step for the germination of compatible pollen to ensure successful fertilization and genetic stability of offspring. It is also the first barrier for interspecific hybridization in crop breeding. Thus, great efforts have been made in relevant investigations during past decades. However, how the compatible pollen is recognized by the stigma remains a mystery. Recently, Chao Li’s group from East China Normal University published their work inScience, which reveals that POLLEN COAT PROTEIN B-class peptides (PCP-Bs) could compete with stigma RALF23/33 for binding to the ANJ-FER complex on stigma surface, resulting in a decline of stigmatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that facilitates compatible pollen hydration. This finding represents a breakthrough in the field.

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Cited: CSCD(2)
  
CRISPR-based DNA Fragment Deletion in Plants
Xianrong Xie, Dongchang Zeng, Jiantao Tan, Qinlong Zhu, Yaoguang Liu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (1): 44-49.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20203
Accepted: 25 February 2021

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CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technology has been an important tool to study the gene function and genomic modification. Directed by a guide RNA, Cas9 protein can cleavage the genomic DNA at the target site, and produce mutations, including deletion, insertion, substitution and fragment deletion, by DNA double strand break (DSB) repair mechanism. In this protocol, we introduce the method to use CRISPR/Cas9 system to increase the efficiency of genomic DNA fragment deletion with microhomology-mediated end joining, especially the details in target design and detection of mutant plants.

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Cited: CSCD(5)
  
Saturation Mutagenesis Using Dual Cytosine and Adenine Base Editors
Rui Zhang, Caixia Gao
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (1): 50-55.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB21009
Accepted: 25 February 2021

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Because the genome of an organism determines its primary phenotype, evolutionary principles suggest that genetic variations enhance phenotypic diversity towards increased fitness. Targeted saturation mutagenesis of crop genes could be used to screen for genetic variants with improved agronomic traits. Compared to traditional mutational breeding or directed evolution in heterologous organisms, targeted mutagenesis via dual cytosine and adenine base editors effectively generates endogenous mutagenesis and facilitates in vivo directed evolution of plant genes. In this protocol, we detail the process towards using saturated targeted endogenous mutagenesis editors (STEMEs) to generate targeted, random mutagenesis of plant genes. In particular, we focus on the process of designing targets, screening and genotyping the resulting evolved variants.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Genomic Basis of Rice Adaptation to Soil Nitrogen Status
Wei Xuan, Guohua Xu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (1): 1-5.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20208
Accepted: 06 January 2021

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Crop productivity relies heavily on inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization, while excess application of N fertilizers results in detrimental effects on ecosystem and plant developmental process. Thus, the improvement of crop N use efficiency (NUE) is critical for the development of sustainable agriculture. Thus far, significant advances in understanding the regulation of NUE have been achieved in rice (Oryza sativa), one of the most important food crops. Several key transporter and regulatory genes involved in N uptake, translocation, and metabolism have been cloned and characterized in rice. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying the geographic adaptation of rice to the change of local soil N status remain elusive. Recently, a team led by Prof. Chengcai Chu, in Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, evaluated the responses to N supplies of rice germplasm resources collected from different eco-geographical regions worldwide. By performing genome-wide association study on rice tillering response to N (TRN), OsTCP19 is identified as a repressor of TRN, and a 29 bp InDel polymorphism in its promoter determines TRN variations among the rice varieties. OsTCP19 regulates TRN by inhibiting the transcription of DLT, a tiller-promoting gene, whilst the transcription of OsTCP19 itself is controlled by a N responsive suppressor LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN (LBD) protein. Notably, OsTCP19 haplotypes were selected among rice germplasms and correlated with local soil N content. This study not only reveals the genetic basis of geographic adaptation of cultivated rice to the changes of soil N environment, but also provides novel genetic candidates for effective breeding of higher NUE rice cultivars.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Auxin Regulates the Lateral Root Development Through MAPK-mediated VLCFAs Biosynthesis
Rongfeng Huang, Tongda Xu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2021, 56 (1): 6-9.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20190
Accepted: 05 January 2021

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is an important and highly conserved cellular signal transduction pathway by delivery and amplification of upstream signals through protein kinase cascade phosphorylation in eukaryotes. In plants, MAPK signaling pathways not only mediate plant responses to environment, but also play crucial roles in regulating plant growth and development. A recent study from the Zhaojun Ding’s group of Shandong University uncovered a novel molecular mechanism of MPK14-mediated auxin signaling in lateral root development via ERF13- regulated very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) biosynthesis. This study reveals the molecular mechanism of the lateral root development from a new perspective, and further confirms the coupling between the vital phytohormone auxin and the ancient MAPKs module. Since lateral roots act as essential organs for plants in response to environment, deciphering the MAPK signaling pathway in regulation of lateral root development will provide a new strategy for how plants integrate development signals and environmental cues.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
The Legume SHR-SCR Module Predetermines Nodule Founder Cell Identity
Chengwu Liu, Zhong Zhao
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2020, 55 (6): 661-665.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20182
Accepted: 09 December 2020

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Symbiotic nitrogen fixation between legumes and rhizobia is the most important nitrogen source for sustainable agriculture. As the final accommodation for rhizobia, the specialized lateral organ, root nodule, that provides the essential microenvironments for rhizobia and its proper development, is vital for biological nitrogen fixation. Nodule de novo organogenesis mainly initiates from cortical cell division and it is generally accepted that cortical cells of legumes possess certain identity, which enables them to respond to and establish symbiosis with rhizobia, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Recently a team led by Ertao Wang in Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Science showed that the SHORTROOT-SCARECROW (SHR-SCR) module predetermines this cortical cell identity in legumes. This study uncovers a novel molecular mechanism for nodule organogenesis, and provides important clues for an evolutionary understanding of root nodule symbiosis, which is both practically and theoretically valuable for improving nitrogen fixation efficiency in legumes and engineering nitrogen symbiosis in non-legumes.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Achievements and Advance in Chinese Plant Sciences in 2019
Jianru Zuo, Xiaoquan Qi, Rongcheng Lin, Qian Qian, Hongya Gu, Fan Chen, Shuhua Yang, Zhiduan Chen, Yongfei Bai, Lei Wang, Xiaojing Wang, Liwen Jiang, Langtao Xiao, Kang Chong, Tai Wang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2020, 55 (3): 257-269.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB20108
Accepted: 05 June 2020

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Chinese researchers in plant sciences published more original papers in international top journals and mainstream journals of plant science than last year, and made remarkable achievements in several areas. Research on the supramolecular structure and function of diatom photosynthetic membrane proteins was selected in the top 10 achievements in Chinese Sciences in 2019 and the top achievements of Chinese Life Sciences in 2019. Research on the structure and function of plant disease-resistant bodies was selected in the top 10 achievements of Chinese Life Sciences in 2019. In this review, we provide a commentary on the significant progress made by Chinese researchers in plant sciences this year.

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Cited: CSCD(2)
  
A Path to Next Generation of Plant Phenomics
Weijuan Hu,Xiangdong Fu,Fan Chen,Weicai Yang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (5): 558-568.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB19141
Accepted: 21 August 2019

Abstract2792)   HTML83)    PDF (784KB)(1475)       Save

Recent advances in genomics technologies have greatly accelerated the progress in both fundamental plant science and applied breeding research. Concurrently, high-throughput plant phenotyping is becoming widely adopted in the plant research, promising to alleviate the phenotypic bottleneck. Plant phenomics is a science that studies the growth, performance and composition of plants. It can effectively track the relationship among genotypes, environmental factors, and phenotypes. It is a key research field to break through the future crop research and application. In this paper, three stages of plant phenotypic analysis are discussed, that is, from the initial stage of manual measurement and counting and the assistant stage of specific measurement tools to the stage of high throughput phenomics. It is proposed that the development of plant phenotypic acquisition and analysis is driven by three important factors: phenotypic research facilities, phenotype acquisition technology and image analysis methods. Finally, the plant phenomic research is prospected.

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Cited: CSCD(8)
  
Chromosome Behaviors of Male Meiocytes by Chromosome Spread in Arabidopsis thaliana
Wanyue Xu,Yingxiang Wang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (5): 620-624.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB19127
Accepted: 01 August 2019

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Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes to produce haploid gametes through nuclear division twice following single round of DNA replication, and is essential for eukaryotic sexual reproduction. Arabidopsis thaliana is a traditional model organism used for molecular genetic study. Recently, with breakthroughs in microscopic technologies for observing chromosomes, analyses of chromosome morphology during meiosis using cytological methods have made great advances to understand molecular and genetic mechanisms in regulation of meiosis. In this study, we described in detail the chromosome spread technique we developed, which is well used for observation of chromosome behaviors in Arabidopsis male meiocytes.

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Detection and Analysis of Protein S-nitrosylation in Plants
Lichao Chen,Ni Zhan,Yansha Li,Jian Feng,Jianru Zuo
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (4): 497-502.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB19108
Accepted: 26 June 2019

Abstract2533)   HTML58)    PDF (773KB)(868)       Save

S-nitrosylation is an important protein posttranslational modification, involved in covalently linking a nitric oxide (NO) molecule to the thiol group of a cysteine residue to generate S-nitrosothiols. S-nitrosylation regulates multiple biological processes by modulating protein activity, stability, subcellular localization and protein-protein interactions. The biotin-switch assay is one of the most-often used methods to detect and analyze protein S-nitrosylation. In principle, the free thiols in a target protein are first blocked, followed by reducing the S-nitrosothiols of the target protein to free thiols by ascorbate, which are subsequently labelled by biotin to form biotinylated proteins. The biotin-labelled sample was assayed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. Here, we present detailed experimental procedures for the in vitro and in vivo biotin-switch methods and give advice on key troubleshooting solutions.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Identification of Chilling Tolerance of Rice Seedlings by Cold Water Bath
Dongfeng Liu,Yongyan Tang,Shengtao Luo,Wei Luo,Zhitao Li,Kang Chong,Yunyuan Xu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (4): 509-514.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB19101
Accepted: 11 June 2019

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The premise of studies on rice chilling tolerance is to find an efficient and accurate way to evaluate chilling tolerance of rice seedling. In this study, we developed an efficient technology to evaluate the cold tolerance at seedling stage by using a constant temperature water bath, based on the characteristics of excellent temperature uniformity for circulation of water. In this method, the setting temperature of environment temperature and water bath was 20°C and 4°C, respectively. From the results of two subspecies (indica/xian and japonica/geng), we summarized the reference treatment time for different survival rate of cultivars. Some attention to the cold treatment procedure was also discussed.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Advances in the Regulatory Mechanisms of Pollen Response to Heat Stress in Crops
Hao Yang,Chen Liu,Zhifei Wang,Xiuli Hu,Tai Wang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (2): 157-167.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB18133
Accepted: 10 December 2018

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As a consequence of global warming, crops face more acute and more frequent high-temperature stress. Heat threatens the whole plant development, especially pollen development, which seems to be the most sensitive process in the plant life cycle. Hence, the mechanism underlying the pollen response to heat stress has become a hot topic in the field of plant biology. Recent studies have revealed that pollen has at least 4 ways to perceive the heat stress signal: calcium channels, unfolded protein response, reactive oxygen species and H2A.Z. Pollen responds to heat stress by regulating heat shock protein expression, glycol-metabolism and phytohormone level and enhancing reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity. In this review, we summarize pollen development defects under heat stress, the mechanism of pollen thermotolerance and discuss how to design the experiments to study pollen thermotolerance. The overview provides guidelines for the pollen heat response mechanism in crops.

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Cited: CSCD(2)
  
Functional Analysis of Brassinosteroids in Salt Stress Responses in Rice
Lulu Li,Wenchao Yin,Mei Niu,Wenjing Meng,Xiaoxing Zhang,Hongning Tong
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (2): 185-193.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB19013
Accepted: 26 March 2019

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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid phytohormones that play diverse roles in plant growth and development and stress responses. Rapid progresses have been made in how BRs regulate plant growth and development in recent years. However, the roles of BRs in stress response in Oryza sativa remain unclear. Here, we investigated the relation between salinity stress and BR synthesis in rice. Both salt stress and abscisic acid, the well-known stress hormone, strongly inhibited the expression of two BR-synthetic genes, D2 and D11. In addition, both d2-2, the BR synthetic mutant, and d61-1, the BR receptor mutant, showed impaired tolerance to salt stress. Moreover, by using transgenic plants overexpressing OsBZR1, the key BR signaling transcriptional factor, we found that BRs strongly induced dephosphorylation of OsBZR1, but high concentrations of salt suppressed OsBZR1 protein accumulation as well as its dephosphorylation. Furthermore, transcriptome analyses revealed that 38.4% of BR-regulated genes were also regulated by high concentrations of salt, and importantly, 91.5% of the co-regulated genes are consistently up- or downregulated by both BR and salt. Gene Ontology analyses revealed that these overlapping genes were highly enriched in the biological process “response to stimulus”. Taken together, our results suggest that BRs contribute to salt stress tolerance, and salt stress suppresses BR synthesis to restrict rice growth.

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Cited: CSCD(4)
  
Advances in Photoreceptor-mediated Signaling Transduction in Flowering Time Regulation
Chaofeng Ma,Silan Dai
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (1): 9-22.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB18147
Abstract3286)   HTML62)    PDF (1616KB)(2763)       Save

Light is an important environmental factor that affects plant growth and development. Flowering is the most important event in higher plants. Plants perceive accurately changes in the surrounding light environments by photoreceptors, thus activating a series of signaling transduction processes and initiating flowering. Here, we summarized the current understanding of the structural characteristics and physiological functions of various photoreceptors in higher plants. We reviewed the molecular mechanisms of phytochromes, cryptochromes, and FKF1/ZTL/LKP2 in mediating signaling transduction and flowering time, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of CO and FT. Finally, we described the advances in photoreceptor-mediated-integration of light, temperature, and gibberellin signals in regulating flowering. Future directions in this area were also proposed.

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Cited: CSCD(9)
  
Heterologous Overexpression of Autophagy-related Gene OsATG8b from Rice Confers Tolerance to Nitrogen/Carbon Starvation and Increases Yield in Arabidopsis
Xiaoxi Zhen,Haoran Liu,Xin Li,Fan Xu,Wenzhong Zhang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (1): 23-36.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB18064
Abstract1683)   HTML40)    PDF (19481KB)(515)       Save

Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development and plays an important role in plant yield and quality. Autophagy is a conserved degradation-recycle pathway of cellular components in eukaryotes that plays an important role in nitrogen remobilization during plant growth and grain formation. We identified an autophagy core gene OsATG8b in rice and obtained 2 independent 35S-OsATG8b transgenic Arabidopsis homozygous lines. The expression of OsATG8b responded to nitrogen starvation in rice. Overexpression of OsATG8b promoted the growth and development of transgenic Arabidopsis, with rosette leaves larger than wild-type leaves. In addition, the yield increased significantly, by 15.16%. In addition, overexpression of OsATG8b could significantly enhance autophagic activity in leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis under nitrogen deficiency and effectively alleviate the growth inhibition of transgenic Arabidopsis caused by nitrogen and carbon stress. OsATG8b may be a good candidate gene for increasing nitrogen use efficiency and yield.

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Cited: CSCD(3)
  
Research Advances in Plant Science in China in 2018
Qian Qian, Xiaoquan Qi, Rongcheng Lin, Shuhua Yang, Aiwu Dong, Jianru Zuo, Fan Chen, Langtao Xiao, Hongya Gu, Zhiduan Chen, Yongfei Bai, Xiaojing Wang, Lei Wang, Liwen Jiang, Kang Chong, Tai Wang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (4): 405-440.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB19165
Accepted: 28 August 2019

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Plant science in China continues on the track of rapid development in 2018, with many remarkable achievements and a marked increase in number of original papers published in international top journals. The achivement “regulating the plant growth-metabolism balance to achieve sustainable agricultural development” was selected in the top ten progress of Chinese science in 2018, and “the history of angiosperm flora evolution in China” in the top ten progress of Chinese life science in 2018. Studies in rice and fruit and vegetable fields has been internationally leading. In this review, we summarize the significant progress in Chinese plant science in 2018, review the latest findings and hot events, and share the great achievements made by Chinese scientists.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Protocols for Analyzing Rice Meiotic Chromosomes
Xinjie Cheng,Hengxiu Yu,Zhukuan Cheng
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (4): 503-508.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB19087
Accepted: 17 June 2019

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The development of techniques to analyze pachytene chromosomes has greatly overcome most of the difficulties in cytological studies of rice chromosomes caused by their small size. Visualization of meiotic chromosomes has now become routine in cytogenetic studies of this species. This chapter provides protocols on basic meiotic chromosome preparation, FISH analysis and immunocytology in rice.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Discovery of ZmFBL41 Chang7-2 as A Key Weapon against Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight Resistance in Maize
Weitao Li, Min He, Xuewei Chen
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2019, 54 (5): 547-549.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB19166
Accepted: 30 September 2019

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The fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani causes banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) in maize (Zea mays) and sheath blight (ShB) in rice (Oryza sativa). R. solani has a wide range of host and severely threatens crop production. The lack of resistant resources against BLSB and the poor understanding of disease resistance mechanism hamper the development of effective approaches to control this fungal disease. Recently, Chinese scientists have made a breakthrough discovery that an F-box protein ZmFBL41 mediates the proteasomal degradation of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase ZmCAD to regulate BLSB and ShB disease resistance. By genome-wide association analysis, GRMZM2G 109140 (ZmFBL41) was identified as a major QTL candidate gene associated with BLSB disease resistance. ZmFBL41 protein is a member of SKP1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which mediates the degradation of ZmCAD, thus reducing the accumulation of lignin and rendering maize more susceptible to R. solani. Interestingly, in the maize inbred line Chang7-2, the natural variation on two amino acids in ZmFBL41 Chang7-2 results in resistance against BLSB. Mechanistically, ZmFBL41 Chang7-2 fails to interact with and degrade its substrate ZmCAD, leading to the accumulation of lignin, which consequently enhances maize resistance. This study not only discovers a novel molecular mechanism underlying disease resistance of maize against R. solani, but also provides important theoretical basis and genetic resources for breeding maize and other crops with improved disease resistance.

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Cited: CSCD(2)
  
The Role of DELLA Proteins in Sexual Reproduction of Angiosperms
Shi Ce, Luo Pan, Zou Jie, Sun Mengxiang
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (6): 745-755.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB17220
Accepted: 22 February 2018

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In angiosperms, DELLA proteins (DELLAs) have emerged as the master transcriptional regulators responsible for repressing all aspects of gibberellin (GA)-dependent growth and development. Previous investigations have demonstrated that DELLAs are involved in almost all processes of plant development. The evidences indicate that DELLA ex- pressed in male reproductive organs, female reproductive organs and embryos in flowering plants and play a major role in diverse key events in the process of sexual reproduction of angiosperms. Here, we try to summarize the knowledge of DELLAs concerning the structural components, characteristics, expression and function in reproductive tissues during the process of plant sexual reproduction. The problems and perspectives are also discussed.

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Cited: CSCD(1)
  
Recent Progress in Research of Proline Transport Genes
Chen Ying, Wang Ting, Hua Xuejun
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (6): 754-763.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB17192
Accepted: 02 January 2018

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As a wide-spread stress adaption in plants, proline accumulation is thought to result from increased biosynthesis and decreased degradation. However, accumulating reports showed that proline transport also plays a role in stress-induced proline accumulation. In plants, several amino acid transporter protein families, such as AAPs, LHTs and ProTs, can transport proline. In this review, we summarize the expression pattern, function and expression regulation of these families in terms of proline transport, with an aim to provide some useful information on proline transport and accumulation research in plants.

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Advances in Epigenetic Regulation of Abiotic Stress Response in Plants
Du Kangxi, Shen Wenhui, Dong Aiwu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (5): 581-593.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB17143
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Plant growth and development are easily affected by environmental changes, and epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. In recent years, epigenetic stu- dies have achieved important progress in the response to abiotic stresses in plants, providing a good foundation for further understanding the potential molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the plant epigenetic regulations, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling and small RNA, in response to abiotic stresses.

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Cloning and Expression Pattern Analysis of Rice OsJMJ718 Alternative Polyadenylation Sequences During Reproductive Developmental Stage
Lu Dan, Wang Li, Song Fan, Tao Juhong, Zhang Dabing, Yuan Zheng
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (5): 594-602.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB17114
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Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is one of the important regulatory pathways of eukaryotic gene expression. By forming different lengths of 3' untranslated regions, APA affects the stability, localization and translation efficiency of mRNA and increases the complexity of transcripts. The expression of the Arabidopsis gene increased polyadenylation of BONSAI methylation 1 (IBM1) is regulated by chromatin regulatory factor enhanced downy mildew 2 (EDM2), which can further affect the CHG methylation level of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. However, whether such regulatory mechanisms exist in other species is unknown. To answer this question, we selected OsJMJ718, an IBM1 homologous gene of rice, for research. By using bioinformatics analysis and 3'RACE experiments, we found that homologous genes of IBM1 also had APA modification. Among them, the OsJMJ718 gene may have 9 alternative polyadenylation sequences. Further sequence alignment analysis revealed that the 3' terminal sequence of OsJMJ718 in the existing Japonica genome in the NCBI database may be different from that of the other ecotype genome sequences, such as 9522 and Minghui 63. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the 9 transcripts of OsJMJ718 present diverse dynamic expression patterns in different stages of rice reproductive development. The expression of OsJMJ718-TVX5 was higher than that of other transcripts. In summary, this work provides information for APA sequences of OsJMJ718, and the expression pattern analysis of these transcripts would also help further study of the mechanism of APA and biological function of OsJMJ718.

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Deciphering the Underlying Mechanism of the Plant Circadian System and Its Regulation on Plant Growth and Development
Wei Hua, Wang Yan, Liu Baohui, Wang Lei
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (4): 456-467.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB17226
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The plant circadian system mostly includes input pathways, a core oscillator and output pathways to sense and anticipate the timing cues of the environment to optimize plant growth and fitness. As the cellular core coordinating system, the plant circadian system can sense the daily recurring light and temperature dynamics to coordinate the metabolism and multiple physiology processes, providing an adaptive advantage for plant growth and development. The core circadian oscillator regulates multiple complex downstream networks at various levels. Here, we summarize recent major research progress in deciphering the underlying mechanisms of the core oscillator and its regulatory networks. We also highlight a few fundamental questions needing to be resolved.

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QTL Exploration of Bacterial Leaf Streak and Their Gene Expression in Rice
Ma Lu, Fang Yuan, Xiao Saqing, Zhou Chun, Jin Zhelun, Ye Wenlan, Rao Yuchun
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (4): 468-476.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB17250
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Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is a common disease in rice and a serious threat to the high and stable production of China’s grain. We used a pair of typical indica TN1 and japonica CJ06 double haploid (DH) rice and inoculated them with Xoc BLS256, then measured and quantified the length of diseased plaques of parents and next generations. We used the molecular linkage map of this population for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping analysis. We found 4 QTLs that were able to distinguish the effect values located on chromosomes 2, 4, 5 and 8. We analyzed the expression of genes resistant to BLS in two large QTL intervals on chromosomes 2 and 5 and found that these genes had different degrees of expression before and after treatment. These genes might be the target genes responding to the difference in resistance to BLS of TN1 and CJ06. The results of this study lay a solid foundation for further cloning QTL for resistance to rice BLS.

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Genetic Relationship of Physalis Plants Revealed by Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
Zhu Yujia, Jiao Kaili, Luo Xiujun, Feng Shangguo, Wang Huizhong
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (3): 305-312.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB18027
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In recent years, Physalis plants have attracted increasing attention worldwide due to their high nutritional value, edible fruit, and potential medicinal value. In this study, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to assess genetic relationships with 22 samples of four Physalis species mainly distributed in China. Twenty SSR primer pairs produced 118 loci, 90.7% (107) of which showed polymorphism. The average interspecies similarity coefficient was 0.501, which indicates a degree of genetic relationship among Physalis species. The results of UPGMA dendrography and PCoA plotting were similar, and all Physalis samples were grouped into two clusters. All P. alkekengi var. francheti samples, distant from any other Physalis species, constituted a separate cluster, which confirmed findings of previous studies. This study also indicated that SSR markers are rich in genetic information and could be used to assess the genetic diversity of Physalis species which provides rich useful information for protecting the Physalis germplasm resource and an important foundation for molecular assisted-breeding programs with Physalis.

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The Research Progress of the Correlation Between Growth Development and Dynamic Accumulation of the Effective Components in Medicinal Plants
Yanqun Li, Hong Wu
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (3): 293-304.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB18081
Accepted: 07 May 2018

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The active ingredients of medicinal plants are the material basis of their clinical curative effects. They are also important indicators for evaluating the quality of medicinal materials. The synthesis and distribution of these active components show specific patterns depending on the genus, organ, tissue and growth period of the medicinal plant. Elucidating the dynamic accumulation and formation mechanisms of the active components in medicinal plants bears guiding significance for the quality control of medicinal materials and the improvement of clinical curative effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In this review, we have summarized recent progresses regarding how different growth stages affect the synthesis and accumulation of effective components in different parts (root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed) of medicinal plants. We also provide an outlook on the research methods applied for the synthesis and accumulation mechanisms of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. This study provides a theoretical basis for the regulation of secondary substance synthesis in production practices, the rational utilization of medicinal plants and the quality improvement of Chinese medicinal herbs.
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Current Understanding of Plant Root Hydrotropic Response
Gao Kun, Chang Jinke, Li Jia
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (2): 154-163.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB18020
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Plant root tips can sense the moisture gradient in soil and grow toward the higher water potential region. This unique response is called the hydrotropic response or hydrotropism. Hydrotropism plays a key role for plants to efficiently obtain water from soil. The root hydrotropic response has become one of the hot topics in plant biology. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms controlling the root hydrotropic response are poorly understood. Previous studies de- monstrated that MIZ1 and GNOM can positively regulate the hydrotropic response. Several phytohormones, light, ROS and Ca2+ were also thought to mediate the root hydrotropic response, but their detailed molecular mechanisms are not yet elucidated. This review highlights the research history and factors of hydrotropic response and identification and characterization of key regulators of hydrotropic response, to give a more comprehensive understanding of research progress in the plant hydrotropic response. We provide perspectives on possible future research directions.

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Research Advances in Functions of SUMO E3 Ligases in Plant Growth and Development
Han Danlu, Lai Jianbin, Yang Chengwei
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (2): 175-184.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB17144
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SUMOylation is an important type of protein posttranslational modification. SUMO E3 ligases are critical in this process via substrate recognition and reaction enhancement. Several SUMO E3 ligases, involved in development regulation, have been identified in plants. Here, we summarize the research advances in the functions of SUMO E3 ligases in root development, flowering, gametogenesis and photomorphogenesis and prospects for further study.

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Research Progress in Plant Autophagy
Yang Liu, Jing Zhang, Qiuling Wang, Suiwen Hou
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (1): 5-16.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB17102
Accepted: 30 June 2017

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Autophagy is a protein degradation pathway in which target cellular materials are delivered to the lysosome and degraded by specific hydrolytic enzymes in animals; this progress is carried out within vacuoles in plants and yeast. Recently, several autophagy-related (ATG) genes have been successfully identified in Arabidopsis. Those genes are essential for autophagosome formation and the regulation of autophagy. Here we summarize the regulation of plant autophagy and its function in the plant adversity response.

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Auxin Regulates Plant Growth and Development by Mediating Various Environmental Cues
Guangchao Liu , Zhaojun Ding
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2018, 53 (1): 17-26.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB17135
Accepted: 08 November 2017

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Because plants are sessile and photo-autotrophic, they must adapt to the surrounding environment. Auxin is one of the most important plant hormones essential for plant growth and development. Recently, auxin was found to regulate plant growth by responding to endogenous developmental signals and by mediating various environmental cues. In this review, we focus on how auxin regulates plant growth by mediating various environmental cues such as light, temperature, gravity, nutrient element and metal ion signals.

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Genome-wide Survey and Phylogenetic Analysis of MADS-box Gene Family in Brassica napus
Gao Huhu, Zhang Yunxiao, Hu Shengwu, Guo Yuan
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2017, 52 (6): 699-712.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB16244
Accepted: 22 May 2017

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The MADS-box gene family is involved in many processes during plant growth and development, such as flowering time, floral organ differentiation, root growth, meristem differentiation, ovary and gamete development, fruit enlargement and senescence. In this study, we used rape (Brassica napus) genome sequencing data with bioinformatics methods to identify and annotate the MADS-box genes. Rape contains 307 members of MADS-box gene family. According to the evolutionary relationships, these genes can be divided into two subfamilies: I-type, also known as M-type, containing three subclades, α, β, and γ; II type, also known as MIKC-type containing two subclades, MIKCC and MIKC*. MIKCC can be further divided into 13 groups. The number of MADS-box genes is greater in the A than C subgenome chromosome of B. napus. For the gene structure, the sequence is longer for MIKC-type than M-type genes and contains more exons. The number of motifs in M-type genes is about 2-5, and MIKC-type genes contain an average of 7 motifs. Synteny analysis revealed that whole-genome duplication played a major role in the expansion of the BnaMADS gene family, especially the MIKC-type subfamily. The selection pressure of the MIKC-type subfamily was about 2 times that for the M-type, which resulted in the selective preservation of MIKC-type subfamily genes during evolution.

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Functional Analysis of Brassica napus BnTTG1-1 Gene
Liu Kaige, Qi Shuanghui, Duan Shaowei, Li Dong, Jin Changyu, Gao Chenhao, Liu Mingxun Chen Xuanxia
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2017, 52 (6): 713-722.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB16239
Accepted: 09 August 2018

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AtTTG1 existing in the nucleus as a WD40 repeat transcription factor plays important roles in regulating trichome initiation, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and storage reserve accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, we cloned the full-length coding domain sequence (CDS) of the BnTTG1-1 gene from the Brassica napus cv. ‘QINYOU Seven’, analyzed its subcellular localization, detected its temporal and spatial expression patterns in different tissues, and investigated its functions in several biological processes. BnTTG1-1 was localized in the nucleus of tobacco leaf cells, so it may function as a transcription factor. BnTTG1-1 was widely expressed in various vegetative tissues and developing seeds in QINYOU Seven. Moreover, introducing 35S:BnTTG1-1 into the mutant ttg1-13 fully rescued many phenotypes of the mutant, such as no trichomes and anthocyanins, yellow seed coat, higher contents of seed fatty acids and storage proteins, and sensitivity to higher sucrose or salinity stresses during seed germination and seedling establishment. Thus, BnTTG1-1 and AtTTG1 exhibited conserved functions on many biological processes during plant growth and development.

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Application of Photochemical Reflectance Index in Comparing Frost Resistance of Grapevine Cultivars
Lulong Sun, Wei Song, Yuanpeng Du, Heng Zhai
Chinese Bulletin of Botany    2017, 52 (5): 543-549.   DOI: 10.11983/CBB16123
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Leaves of 12 grapevine cultivars were selected as materials and collected in the fall. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) in leaves was measured after frost treatment. Effective parameters were calculated and used in functional value analysis to compare the cold hardiness of leaves. Cooling temperature led to a trend of declining PRI. PRI and its relative value (Rt) had a good linear relationship with temperature in the range of -8 to 0°C. Relative values at both 0°C and -8°C (R0, R-8) differed among cultivars, as did the slope of regressions in the range of -8 to 0°C and can be used as parameters to reflect the cold hardiness of leaves. Functional value analysis and cluster analysis showed that the most cold-hardiness cultivar in leaves was Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera), with R0, R-8, and SLP values at 72.3%, 50.19%, and 2.78, respectively.

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Cited: CSCD(2)