Recent Advances on Blue Flower Formation

doi:10.11983/CBB19028

Abstract

Abstract: Flower color is an important feature of ornamental plants. There are only a few plants containing blue flowers in nature; however, most of the ornamental plants lack blue varieties. Therefore, studying the molecular mechanism underlying blue flower formation has great significance for flower breeding in the future. Recent studies have revealed that flower pigmentation is mainly caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins. Anthocyanidins are catalyzed to the stable anthocyanin form by glycosylation, acylation or methyl modification. Furthermore, the pH environment and metal ions in the vacuole also influence the pigmentation. In this review paper, we summarized the progresses in the anthocyanin biosynthesis and motablism pathways, the function of some key regulatory genes, the effect of anthocyanin acylation, the regulation by metal ion chelation and pH environment, and molecular breeding of blue flowers.

Key words: acylation, anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, vacuolar pH, metal ion, blue flower, genetic engineering

Tairan Zhang,Hechen Zhang,Ronghua Wu. Recent Advances on Blue Flower Formation[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany, 2020, 55(2): 216-227.

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URL: https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/10.11983/CBB19028

https://www.chinbullbotany.com/EN/Y2020/V55/I2/216

Figures/Tables 6

Figure 1 The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway PAL: Phenylalanine ammonialyase; C4H: Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL: 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase; CHS: Chalcone syn-thase; CHI: Chalcone isomerase; F3H: Flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H: Flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; F3′,5′H: Flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase; DFR: Dihydroflavonol reductase; ANS: Anthocyanin synthase; GT: Glycosyltransferases; AT: Acyltransfer-ases; MT: Methyltransferase; AN9: Anthocyanin 9

Figure 2 Acylated anthocyanin structure (Yoshida et al., 2000; Boor, 2001)

Figure 3 Formation of metalloanthocyanin (modified from Yoshida et al., 2009b)

Figure 4 Structure of metalloanthocyanin component (Yoshida et al., 2009b) A1-A4 are anthocyanins; F1-F4 are flavonoids.

Table 1 Composition of five metalloanthocyanin (Yoshida et al., 2009a)

金属花青苷	来源	组成成分
金属花青苷	来源	花青苷	黄酮	金属离子
鸭跖草苷	鸭跖草 (Commelina communis)	A1	F1	Mg²⁺
原矢车菊苷	矢车菊 (Centaurea cyanus)	A2	F2	Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺
原飞燕草苷	龙胆鼠尾草 (Salvia patens)	A1	F3	Mg²⁺
含氰鼠尾草苷	天蓝鼠尾草 (S. uliginosa)	A3	F3	Mg²⁺
粉蝶花苷	粉蝶花 (Nemophila menziesii)	A4	F4	Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺

Figure 5 The anthocyanin synthesis pathway in transgenic chrysanthemum (Noda et al., 2017)

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